Kdm1a inhibitors for the treatment of disease

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are new compounds and compositions and their application as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases. Methods of inhibition of KDM1A, methods of increasing gamma globin gene expression, and methods to induce differentiation of cancer cells in a human or animal subject are also provided for the treatment of diseases such as acute myelogenous leukemia.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/445,768, filed Jun. 19, 2019, which is a division of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/667,166, filed Aug. 2, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No.10,370,346, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/910,423, filed Feb. 5, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,790,195, which is aU.S. national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT InternationalApplication No. PCT/US2014/049906, filed Aug. 6, 2014, which claims thebenefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/954,276,filed Mar. 17, 2014, and 61/862,759, filed Aug. 6, 2013, the disclosuresof which are hereby incorporated by reference as if written herein intheir entireties.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to new compounds and compositions andtheir application as pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Inhibiting the enzyme KDM1A (also known as lysine-specific demethylase1, LSD1, Flavin-containing Amine Oxidase Domain-Containing Protein,AOF2, BRAF35-HDAC Complex Protein BHC110, FAD-Binding ProteinBRAF35-HDAC Complex), may alter gene expression in cells sufficient torestore their proper physiologic function or that of the tissue, organor the patient as a whole. This may be achieved either by enhancingtranscription of a gene or genes that are pathologically silenced, e.g.,as is the case in some cancer cells and heritable diseases, ordecreasing transcription of a gene or genes participating in thepathological state. As such, inhibiting KDM1A would be useful for thetreatment of diseases such as cancer and heritable diseases such asWilson disease, cardiomyopathies, and hemoglobinopathies.

Gene expression is regulated through the recruitment of the RNApolymerase II transcription apparatus to the DNA template. Theprobability of this large multi-protein complex arriving near or at thestart of DNA transcription and progressing through the entire codingregion of a gene is determined in part by specific DNA sequences calledpromoters and enhancers, modifications of DNA sequence in the vicinityof the start of transcription, proteins bound to DNA and the topology ofthe DNA template itself. Factors enhancing the probability of RNAsynthesis of protein-coding genes are known as transcription factorssome of which participate in the transcription of all protein-codinggenes and some of which are specific for the transcription of individualgenes.

One major mechanism of transcription control consists of limiting thephysical accessibility of the transcriptional regulatory regions toproteins that can activate or complete transcription; proteins bound topromoter or enhancer DNA sequences can occlude activating factors frombinding to these DNA sequences resulting in fewer transcriptioninitiations or extension of the activated progressing RNA polymerasecomplex. Likewise, topological constraints that do not allow thetemplate DNA to unwind sufficiently to permit the steady progression ofRNA polymerase on the template also serve to limit transcription rates.

The most important general factors influencing RNA synthesis using a DNAtemplate in vivo are modifications of histones proteins that controlamong other factors the topology of the DNA template for transcriptionand its accessibility by the RNA polymerase complex. A small family ofhistone proteins—H2A, H2B, H3 and H4—combines to create a scaffoldcalled the histone octamer upon which DNA is spatially and topologicallyorganized into a regular repetitive structure called the nucleosomealong the length of DNA. The conglomerate of histones, other proteins,various RNAs and DNA is called chromatin. Both DNA and histones arechemically modified in such a way as to attract and bind or repel otherproteins with the effect of enhancing or repressing transcription.

The modification of DNA and associated RNAs and proteins that influencethe regulation of transcription and replication that does not involvesubstitution of the canonical DNA bases is termed epigenetic. Theseepigenetic influences involve reversible chemical modifications of thefour DNA bases themselves or post-translational chemical changes to thechromatin proteins and RNDs that associate with DNA. These epigeneticprocesses can play a pivotal role in activating or silencing theexpression of a gene; in addition, the epigenetic modifications can bemaintained for the life of an organism or can be dynamically modified inresponse to specific biochemical signals that originate eitherinternally within the cell or extracellularly. These chromatinalterations can happen quickly or be very stable, e.g., during thehormonal induction of gene expression, chromatin structure at a specificlocus can change radically within seconds to permit maximaltranscription or chromatin structure can be modified to fully suppressgene expression, a state of chromatin which can be stably maintainedover multiple cell divisions and even transgenerationally.

The methylation of cytosine at the 5′ position is a common DNA basemodification that is in turn recognized by a class of proteins mostoften associated with transcriptional repression. Similarly, histoneproteins are chemically modified but with a wider variety of chemicaladducts each of which either alone or in combination enhances orrepresses transcription of nearby genes. These histone modificationsinclude, among others methylation, acetylation, sumoylation,phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and myristoylation are recognized byother chromatin-associated proteins that in turn influence transcriptionrates and DNA replication. The dynamic state of gene expression and theassociated chromatin states imply that histone modifications are notpermanent but instead are added and removed according to the needs ofthe cell for specific gene products at specific times during ontogeny,adult life and the changing influences of the environment. Indeed, thespecific chemical modifications of histones are each made by classes ofenzymes acting at specific sites. These histone-modifying enzymes are inturn subject to tight regulation. These enzymes can potentially betargeted by compounds that inhibit their activity with the consequenceof altering gene expression in a therapeutic manner.

Changes in the state of histone methylation are now known to playcritical roles in normal regulation of the cell cycle and growth, theresponse to DNA damage and stress, and pre-natal development includingdifferentiation. Pathological states such as cancer are associated withaltered patterns of histone modifications and dysregulatedhistone-modifying proteins including chromatin-modifying enzymes. Theneed to closely regulate histone modifications is evidenced by theassociation of histone methylation status with human morbidity includingageing.

Histone methylation can occur on any of the three basic amino acidresidues—lysine (K), arginine (R), and histidine (H). Methylation ofhistone H3 on lysines at positions 4 (H3K4), 9 (H3K9), 27 (H3K27), 36(H3K36) and 79 (H3K79) are among the best studied of histonemodifications that influence gene expression. Lysine tri-methylation(Kme3) on histone 3 (H3) at position 4 (H3K4me3) is a histone markgenerally associated with activation of gene expression while H3K9me1 orH3K27me3 are associated with the repression of gene transcription.H3K4me1 is associated with DNA enhancers of gene transcription whileH3K4me3 is associated with gene promoter activity. Likewise, loss of themethyl group at H3K4 is associated with repression of gene expression.Thus, the addition and removal of methyl groups at H3K4 constitutes agene transcription switch. It is also evident that lysine can bemodified with a mono-, di- or tri-methyl groups, each modificationhaving a different biological effect through the attraction of differentproteins recognizing those specific methylation modifications at thatsite.

A critical aspect of the regulation of the state of histone methylationis the recruitment of methyltransferases and demethylases to specificgenetic loci. DNA sequence-specific binding proteins includingtranscription factors are one class of proteins responsible for thisrecruitment through the assemblage of protein complexes that bind thesemethyl-transferring enzymes. A well-studied example is the Drosophilamelanogaster trithrorax group (TrxG) response elements (TREs) whichrecruit the H3K4 methyltransferase, TRX, to specific genes viatranscription factors that recognize the TRE DNA sequence.

The histone methylation marks are recognized by methyl-binding domainsin a diverse group of proteins; these domains include PHD fingers, WD40and ankyrin repeats, CW and PWWP domains, and the Royal superfamily ofproteins. These proteins, in turn, determine which additional activitiesare recruited into chromatin sites and ultimately the state oftranscription at a given locus. Indeed, depending on whichmethyl-recognition protein binds the marked histone, the samemethyl-lysine modification can have opposing effects on transcription.H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 are associated with transcriptional activation, butwhen bound by the PHD-domain-containing co-repressor protein Inhibitorof Growth family member 2 (ING2), an associated histone deacetylasecomplex is stabilized repressing gene expression. Thus, these effectorproteins recognizing the methyl-lysine histone modificationssignificantly influence the level of transcriptional activity.

The ability to alter gene expression selectively by modifying the stateof chromatin allows a novel therapeutic strategy to induce or de-repressthe expression of genes that can provide a benefit, especially for geneswhose expression has been suppressed by pathological mechanism as in thecase of some cancers or suppressed by physiologic mechanism but whode-repression can phenotypically suppress mutations in paraologous geneswith complementary function.

Many genes within a genome are members of gene families as a consequenceof gene duplication. These genes are termed paralogs of one another.Following gene duplication, patterns of expression of two genes willevolve in a distinct manner in part to control the effects of genedosage. Following gene duplication, random genetic drift arising fromnaturally occurring mutations and the subsequent selection of nucleotidesequence is commonly observed first in non-coding regions of duplicatedgenes, often in transcriptional regulatory regions. DNA changes inregulatory sequences can influence any or all aspects of geneexpression: the magnitude of expression, its developmental timing,induction by stimuli outside the cell including hormonal or metabolicsignals, and the cell type in which expression is restricted. Ininstances in which the duplication is recent in evolutionary time orwhere natural selection has maintained a high degree of protein-codingsequence similarity, the gene product of one paralog, gene A, cancomplement the pathological loss or silencing of the other paralog, geneB, if expression of gene A is not limiting in the same cell.

Altering patterns of gene expression may offer profound therapeuticbenefits for genetic conditions in which enhanced expression of aparalogous gene “rescues” a phenotype caused by a mutation in a paralog.This might be called autologous gene complementation. In the case ofWilson disease caused by mutations in ATP7B, enhanced expression bypharmacologic induction of ATP7A, a closely related copper transporterprotein, might rescue mutations in ATP7B, another copper transporter.The basic function of each copper transporter protein has been preservedbut following the duplication of the common ancestral gene, theexpression of these two genes has been separated spatially, one confinedto intestinal enterocytes, the other to hepatocytes. This is one of manyexamples of paralogous gene in which one gene can complement the loss ofthe second if appropriately expressed in the same cell or tissue.

A notable example of a paralogous gene family is the well-studied alphaand beta family of globin genes coding for the alpha and beta subunitsof hemoglobin. Five beta-like genes each arising by gene duplication arearrayed next to each other on chromosome 16 with each gene beingtranscribed in a temporally-specific manner throughout the 9 months ofhuman embryonic and fetal development. The five beta-like globinproteins share a high degree of protein sequence similarity, so much sothat genetic mutations inactivating the adult beta globin gene can beclinically silent if expression of any one of the other 4 subunitmembers of the beta-like globin family is adequate. Activation ofexpression and subsequent transcriptional silencing of each specificembryonic and fetal beta-like globin gene is regulated in part byepigenetic mechanisms. The rescue of mutations in the beta globin gene,mutations which are responsible for diseases such as thalassemia majoror sickle cell anemia, by transcriptional induction of one or more ofthe other beta-like genes through the pharmacologic manipulation ofepigenetic silencing would be clinically beneficial. Autologousactivation with a pharmacologic agent of a functionally complementaryparalog of a mutated or pathologically silenced gene may be a moresuccessful therapeutic strategy than replacing or repairing the mutatedgene with a wild-type (normal) copy.

Interest in influencing the activity of histone modifications fortherapeutic effect derive from observations that the expression ofspecific genes under epigenetic control could be altered by alteringepigenetic marks such as methylation. In the case of cancer, loss ofspecific histone methylation marks concomitant with overexpression ofhistone demethylases is associated with the recurrence of those cancerswith attendant poorer outcomes. These studies suggest that specifictumor suppressor genes are silenced by loss of methylation modificationsthat in turn enhance the survival and growth potential of neoplasticcells. This had led to the proposition that inhibition of histonedemethylase activity might have therapeutic value.

KDM1A (also known as Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) or AOF2 orBHC110) was the first enzyme with specific lysine demethylase activityto be described demonstrating unequivocally that histone modificationsare reversible rather than permanent. Among its demethylase substrates,KDM1A is a histone H3 lysine demethylase that catalyzes the oxidativedemethylation of H3K4mel or me2 and H3K9mel or me2 but not the substrateH3K4me3. The enzyme also demethylates non-histone proteins such as p53and Gfi1. KDM1A contains an amine oxidase domain that demethylates H3Kmesubstrate in a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent mannersimilar to other monoamine (MAO) and polyamine oxidase inhibitors.Indeed, non-specific inhibitors of MAO enzymes can inhibit thedemethylase activity of KDM1A

KDM1A is over-expressed in many human cancers including Wilm's tumor,small-cell lung, bladder, prostate, breast, head & neck, colon, andovarian cancer and associated with more frequent relapses. KDM1A isrequired for transcriptional regulation mediated by the androgenreceptor in prostate cancer, the estrogen receptor in breast carcinomas,and the TLX receptor in neuroblastoma. Knockdown of KDM1A expressiondecreases proliferation of cancer cells. KDM1A is also overexpressed incancer cells that are nuclear hormone receptor-independent includingER-negative breast. Potent, selective small molecule inhibitors of KDM1Ashould be useful for treatment of these and other cancers in which KDM1Aactivity is overabundant.

The structure and state of chromatin can also influence the ability of apathogenic virus to insert into host DNA, undergo transcription andreplicate. Infection by the alpha herpes viruses herpes simplex virus(HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VSV) effect the remodeling ofchromatin after infection of host cells to counter the rapid depositionof nucleosomes containing histones with transcriptional repressive marksby employing virus-encoded transcription factors to recruit the hostHCF-1 co-activator complex that contains KDM1A and the histone H3K4methyltransferases Set1 or MLL family members. It has been demonstratedthat inhibition of KDM1A in cells infected with HSV1 inhibits HSV IEgene expression, suppresses lytic infection and reduces viral loads.Similarly, inhibiting KDM1A causes a decrease in the expression of theimmediate early genes in cells infected with human cytomegalovirus andadenovirus suggesting a broader role for KDM1A in viral pathogenesis.

The influence KDM1A activity has on the transcription of specific genesis dependent on recruitment of KDM1A to a specific gene promoter regionvia DNA binding proteins. In the case of androgen-dependent geneexpression, KDM1A associates with the androgen steroid receptor whichspecifically targets DNA binding sites in the promoters ofandrogen-responsive genes. Thus, proteins that bind KDM1A determinewhere along the chromosome the demethylase activity is targeted. Manyproteins have been reported to interact with KDM1A including the CoREST,CtBP, NuRD, BRAF35 complexes, DNMT1, MTA1/2, Mi2beta, RbAp46/48, HDAC1,2, and 3, TIF1beta, Blimp-1, ZNF217 and ZNF198, a subset of which formlarger and in some cases complexes that mutually exclude one another.The KDM1A/CoREST complex which may also include DNMT1 and NuRD amongother factors is particularly important for the repression of expressionof specific genes.

KDM1A is recruited to the promoter region of genes through site-specifictranscription factors. Such factors include among others the androgenreceptor, the estrogen receptor alpha, Snail1, Slug, HIV Tat, ZEB1,RBP-J, PIT1, REST, NR2C1, NR2C2 and isoforms of Gfi1b. Thesetranscription factors can recruit KDM1A to participate in activation ofgene expression or silencing of gene expression depending on the celltype and the specific transcription factors.

Many of the enzyme activities that regulate the state of chromatin areinfluenced allosterically or require as co-factors metabolicintermediates, mediators or end-products of cell metabolism. Theseintermolecular relationships between gene expression and metabolismprovide cells with signaling pathways connecting the external andinternal cellular environment including nutrients with mechanismsmodulating gene expression. This cellular sensing can alter both shortand long term adjustments to gene expression patterns constituting anepigenetic memory of historical metabolic states and environmentalconditions. For example, beta-hydroxybutyrate, a product of long chainfatty acid metabolism and a major source of energy for mammals duringstarvation or prolonged exertion, inhibits class I histone deacetylases(HDAC) but not class 2b HDAC. Thus the effects of starvation andnutrient loss can be epigenetically coded and preserved. Acetyl-coenzymeA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and alpha-ketoglutarate alsoinfluence histone methylation and acetylation states.

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a required co-factor for KDM1A.FAD, in conjunction with NAD and NADP act as cellular redox sensors.KDM1A temporarily converts FAD to FADH after which an electron acceptor,likely 02 and others, completes the catalytic cycle by regenerating FADand H₂O₂. Thus, the cellular redox state influences KDM1A activity bothby its ability to oxidize FADH and other electron acceptors. In ageneral sense, chromatin states, hence gene expression, can be alteredby the variable concentrations of metabolic intermediates and in thespecific case of KDM1A that activity is entirely dependent on FAD whoseconcentration fluctuates as a function of the energetic economy of thecell. In addition, it has been shown that inhibition of KDM1A can lowerserum glucose, reduced hepatic glycogen, and is a powerful insulinsecretogogue. Pharmaceutical manipulation of KDM1A activity may thusprove useful for the treatment of diseases that represent pathologicalaberrations of the energy status of the cell including metabolicsyndrome, dyslipidemias, diabetes, obesity, anorexia, failure to thrive,cachexia, lipodystrophies, and steatohepatitis.

The steroid hormones estradiol and testosterone and related compoundplay a key role in both normal development and in pathological statessuch as breast and prostate cancer in which tumor cell growth isdependent on hormonal signaling. The biological effects of steroidhormones are mediated by structurally and functionally distinctligand-binding receptors that function as a transcription factorrecruited to a specific DNA binding site. The ligand-bound steroidreceptors act as the principal transcriptional regulator of hormoneeffects. Transcriptional activation of gene expression for allsteroid-dependent hormones is dependent on chromatin structure and thepresence of co-factors. The estrogen receptor employs, for example, theco-factors SRC1, SRC2, AIB1, PELP1, CBP, p300, PCAF, CARM1, PRMT1 andco-repressors such as NCoR, SMRT and MTA1. The transcriptional responseto hormone stimulation is dependent on the interaction of theseco-factors and repressors as well as the state of chromatin, especiallymodification of histones by histone-modifying enzymes associated withthe co-regulators. Both estrogenic and androgenic hormone stimulationinduces several histone modifications at the promoters of target genesthat alter the acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation state oflocal histones. To affect the maximal rate of transcription for ahormone-responsive gene, KDM1A activity is required. Thus, KDMA1 shouldprove useful as a therapeutic target of pharmaceuticals in blunting orablating the hormone-dependence of tumor cells. This same therapeuticlogic applies to other ligand-dependent transcription factors whosetranscriptional activation is partly or wholly dependent on KDM1Aactivity to alter chromatin states sufficiently to facilitatetranscription—examples of these would include the vitamin D, retinoidand lipid-activated receptors.

Numerous therapeutic agents have been identified that have the effect ofaltering gene expression acting either directly on proteins, generallyenzymes, that alter chromatin states or indirectly. Though the precisemechanisms of their action have not all been fully elucidated, thosemechanism can be inferred from our understanding of the proteincomplexes that participate in the activation of specific geneexpression. These agents include 5′-azacytadine and 5′-aza-2′deoxycytidine (decitabine) which inhibit DNMT1 or other DNAmethyltransferases known to be present and active at promoter sites ofsilenced genes such as gamma globin promoter; vorinostat andpanobinostat or other inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes;hydroxyurea (HU), valproate and sodium butyrate and its analogues eachof which may interfere with the activity of orphan nuclear receptors.All of these agents enjoy some clinical use principally in themanagement of neoplasic disease. Though some clinical utility of theseagents for other disease states has been demonstrated, these agents havenot been widely adopted because of their modest therapeutic effects andtheir toxicity.

The use of agents that inhibit any enzymatic activity resident in theprotein complex bound to gene promoter has the potential to disrupt therepression of gamma globin gene expression and result in increasedlevels of fetal hemoglobin also known as hemoglobin F (HbF). Suchtargets include any of the interfaces of the specific protein-proteincontacts, for example, the NuRD complex and KDM1A; the DNA bindingrecognition domains of, for example, NR2C1 and NR2C2; the ligand bindingdomains of, for example, NR2C1 and NR2C2; the enzyme activities such aslysine demethylase, for example, KDM1A; histone deacetylases (HDAC), forexample HDAC1, 2, or 3; DNA methyltransferases, for example, DNMT1.

There remains a need for compositions and methods for altering geneexpression in cells and tissues sufficient to restore the cell or tissueto normal physiologic function including, e.g., appropriate apoptosis inthe case of cancer, or to alter the pathological phenotype of the cell,tissue, organ or organism by inducing the expression of one or moregenes sufficiently to suppress the pathological state.

Accordingly, the inventors herein disclose new compounds, compositionsand methods for treating diseases associated with KDM1A activity.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide compounds of the formula(I):

or a salt thereof, wherein:Y is chosen from a bond, NR^(4a), O, C(O)NH, NHC(O), S, SO₂, and CH₂;Z is chosen from a bond, NR^(4b), O, C(O)NH, NHC(O), S, SO₂, and CH₂;m is an integer from 0 to 5;n is an integer from 0 to 3;R¹ and R² are each independently chosen from, alkyl, aminoalkyl,alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl and R¹ and R², together withthe nitrogen to which they attach, form a nitrogen-containingheterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which may be optionally substitutedwith between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;R³ is chosen from alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino,heteroarylamino, heterocycloalkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, andheterocycloalkylalkyl any of which may be optionally substituted withbetween 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;R⁴, R^(4a), and R^(4b) are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl;R⁵ is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;each R⁶ is independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, aralkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cyano, alkoxy, amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, COR⁷, SO₂R⁷, NHSO₂R⁷, NHSO₂NHR⁷, NHCOR⁷,NHCONHR⁷, CONHR⁷, and CONR⁷R⁸; andR⁷ and R⁸ are independently chosen from hydrogen, and lower alkyl; or R⁷and R⁸ may be taken together to form a nitrogen-containingheterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which may be optionally substitutedwith lower alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has Formula IIa or IIb:

or a salt thereof, wherein:Y is chosen from a bond, NR^(4a), O, C(O)NH, NHC(O), S, SO₂, and CH₂;Z is chosen from a bond, NR^(4b), O, C(O)NH, NHC(O), S, SO₂, and CH₂;m is an integer from 0 to 5;n is an integer from 0 to 3;R¹ and R² are each independently chosen from, alkyl, aminoalkyl,alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl and R¹ and R², together withthe nitrogen to which they attach, form a nitrogen-containingheterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which may be optionally substitutedwith between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;R³ is chosen from alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino,heteroarylamino, heterocycloalkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, andheterocycloalkylalkyl any of which may be optionally substituted withbetween 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;R⁴, R^(4a), and R^(4b) are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl;R⁵ is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;each R⁶ is independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, aralkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cyano, alkoxy, amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, COR⁷, SO₂R⁷, NHSO₂R⁷, NHSO₂NHR⁷, NHCOR⁷,NHCONHR⁷, CONHR⁷, and CONR⁷R⁸; andR⁷ and R⁸ are independently chosen from hydrogen, and lower alkyl; or R⁷and R⁸ may be taken together to form a nitrogen-containingheterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which may be optionally substitutedwith lower alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound has Formula IIIa or IIIb:

or a salt thereof, wherein:Y is chosen from a bond, NR^(4a), O, C(O)NH, NHC(O), S, SO₂, and CH₂;Z is chosen from a bond, NR^(4b), O, C(O)NH, NHC(O), S, SO₂, and CH₂;m is an integer from 0 to 5;n is an integer from 0 to 3;R¹ and R² are each independently chosen from, alkyl, aminoalkyl,alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, biphenyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkylalkyl and R¹ and R², together withthe nitrogen to which they attach, form a nitrogen-containingheterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which may be optionally substitutedwith between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;R³ is chosen from alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino,heteroarylamino, heterocycloalkylamino, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, andheterocycloalkylalkyl any of which may be optionally substituted withbetween 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;R⁴, R^(4a), and R^(4b) are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl;R⁵ is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups;each R⁶ is independently chosen from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, aralkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, cyano, alkoxy, amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, COR⁷, SO₂R⁷, NHSO₂R⁷, NHSO₂NHR⁷, NHCOR⁷,NHCONHR⁷, CONHR⁷, and CONR⁷R⁸; andR⁷ and R⁸ are independently chosen from hydrogen, and lower alkyl; or R⁷and R⁸ may be taken together to form a nitrogen-containingheterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring, which may be optionally substitutedwith lower alkyl.

In certain embodiments, Z is NR^(4b).

In certain embodiments, R^(4b) is chosen from methyl and hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, the alkyl, whether by itself or as a named partof another non-cyclic substituent, is C₁-C₈ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, R³ is chosen from aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,and heteroarylalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted withbetween 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, R³ is chosen from aryl and heteroaryl, any ofwhich may be optionally substituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, m is an integer from 0 to 1; Y is chosen fromNR^(4a), O, S, SO₂, and CH₂; n is an integer from 1 to 3; and R^(4a) ischosen from hydrogen and alkyl.

In certain embodiments, m is 0; Y is CH₂; and n is an integer from 1 to3.

In certain embodiments, n is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 2. Incertain embodiments, n is 3.

In certain embodiments, R³ is 5-6 membered monocyclic or 8-12 memberedbicyclic heteroaryl, in which between one and five ring members may beheteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, and which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, R³ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl, inwhich between one and four ring members may be heteroatoms chosen fromN, O, and S, and which may be optionally substituted with between 0 and3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, each R⁶ is chosen from lower alkyl, halogen,lower alkoxy, OCF₃ and CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R³ is chosen from

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl orheteroaryl ring formed by R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to whichthey are attached contains 3 to eight atoms.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are taken together to form anitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl, which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached ischosen from:

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached ischosen from:

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, n is 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are taken together with the nitrogento which they are attached form a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl, whichmay be optionally substituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heteroaryl is chosenfrom pyrrole, imidazole, and pyrazole.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is aryl, which may be optionally substitutedwith between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is phenyl, which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, n is 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is heteroaryl, which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is a 5-6 membered monocyclic or 8-12 memberedbicyclic heteroaryl, in which between one and five ring members may beheteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, and which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl, inwhich between one and five ring members may be heteroatoms chosen fromN, O, and S, and which may be optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R⁶groups.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is chosen from:

In certain embodiments, n is 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R³ is aryl, optionally substituted with between0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, R³ is chosen from phenyl and biphenyl, either ofwhich may be optionally substituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments,

m is an integer from 0 to 1;Y is chosen from NR^(4a), O, S, SO₂, and CH₂;n is an integer from 1 to 3; andR^(4a) is chosen from hydrogen and alkyl.

In certain embodiments,

m is 0;

Y is CH₂; and

n is an integer from 1 to 3.

In certain embodiments, n is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 2. Incertain embodiments, n is 3.

In certain embodiments, R⁶ is chosen from lower alkyl, halogen, loweralkoxy, OCF₃ and CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments, R⁴ is methyl.

In certain embodiments, n is 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl orheteroaryl ring formed by R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to whichthey are attached contains 3 to eight atoms.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² are taken together to form anitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl, which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached ischosen from:

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached ischosen from:

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl formedby R¹ and R² together with the nitrogen to which they are attached is

In certain embodiments, n is 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R¹ and R² taken together form anitrogen-containing heteroaryl, which may be optionally substituted withbetween 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, the nitrogen-containing heteroaryl is chosenfrom pyrrole, imidazole, and pyrazole.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is aryl, which may be optionally substitutedwith between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups, each of which is independently chosenfrom lower alkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, OCF₃ and CF₃.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is phenyl, which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups, each of which isindependently chosen from lower alkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, OCF₃ andCF₃.

In certain embodiments, n is 2 or 3.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is heteroaryl, which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is a 5-6 membered monocyclic or 8-12 memberedbicyclic heteroaryl, in which between one and five ring members may beheteroatoms chosen from N, O, and S, and which may be optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 R⁶ groups, each of which isindependently chosen from lower alkyl, halogen, lower alkoxy, OCF₃ andCF₃.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is a 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl, inwhich between one and five ring members may be heteroatoms chosen fromN, O, and S, and which may be optionally substituted with 1 or 2 R⁶groups, each of which is independently, if present, a lower alkylgroups.

In certain embodiments, R⁵ is chosen from:

In certain embodiments, wherein n is 2 or 3.

Also provided are embodiments wherein any embodiment above in paragraphs[030]-[087] above may be combined with any one or more of theseembodiments, provided the combination is not mutually exclusive. As usedherein, two embodiments are “mutually exclusive” when one is defined tobe something which cannot overlap with the other. For example, anembodiment wherein Y is CH₂ is mutually exclusive with an embodimentwherein Y is NR^(4b). However, an embodiment wherein R¹ and R² are takentogether to form a nitrogen-containing heterocycloalkyl is not mutuallyexclusive with an embodiment wherein R⁵ is phenyl optionally substitutedwith fluorine.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a compound asdisclosed herein is provided for use as a medicament.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a compound asdisclosed herein is provided for use in the manufacture of a medicamentfor the prevention or treatment of a disease or condition chosen fromsickle cell disease, thalassemia major, and otherbeta-hemoglobinopathies.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceuticalcomposition is provided which comprises a compound as disclosed herein,together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated fororal administration.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition additionallycomprises another therapeutic agent.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method ofinhibiting KDM1A is provided, comprising contacting KDM1A with acompound as disclosed herein.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of treatinga globin-mediated disease is provided; comprising the administration ofa therapeutically effective amount of a compound as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the disease is chosen from Myelodysplastic Syndrome(MDS), Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML), and Chronic MyelogenousLeukemia (CML).

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method forachieving an effect in a patient is provided; comprising theadministration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound asdisclosed herein; wherein the effect is chosen from an elevation of redblood cell count, an elevation of the red blood cell count of red cellscontaining fetal hemoglobin, an elevation in the total concentration offetal hemoglobin in red cells, an elevation in the total concentrationof fetal hemoglobin in reticulocytes, an increase in the transcriptionof the gamma globin gene in bone marrow-derived red cell precursors,e.g., pro-erythroblasts, a reduction in the number of sickle cell crisesa patient experiences over a unit period of time, a halt to orprevention of tissue damage e.g. in the heart, spleen, brain or kidneycaused by sickling cells, a reduction in the proportion of red cellsthat undergo sickling under physiological conditions of relative hypoxiaas measured using patient blood in an in vitro assay, an increase in theamount of histone 3 lysine methylation at lysine position 4 (H3K4me1 andH3K4me2), and/or a decrease in the amount of histone 3 methylation atlysine position 9 (H3K9me1 or H3K4me2) near or at the gamma globinpromoter as assayed by ChIP using cells derived from a treated patient.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method ofinhibiting at least one KDM1A function is provided; comprising the stepof contacting KDM1A with a compound as disclosed herein; wherein theinhibition is measured by phenotype of red cells or their precursorseither cultured or in vivo in humans or mouse or transgenic micecontaining the human beta globin locus or portions thereof, the abilityof cancer cells to proliferate, the expression of specific genes knownto be regulated by KDM1A activity such as gamma globin, a change in thehistone methylation states, a change in the methylation state ofproteins known to be demethylated by KDM1A such as G9a or SUV39H1,expression of KDM1A-regulated genes, or binding of KDM1A with a naturalbinding partner such as CoREST, DNMT1 or HDACs.

Inhibition of LSD1 activity alone may be sufficient therapy for thetreatment of some diseases; for other such as cancer, combinationtherapies are often additive or synergistic in their therapeutic effectsand may even be necessary to achieve the full clinical benefit desired.There is specific scientific evidence to rationalize the combination ofan inhibitor of LSD1 with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), arsenictrioxide, inhibitors of DNA methytransferases such as 5′-azacytidine or5′-aza 2′-deoxycytidine, inhibitors of NFκB signaling such as sulindacor conventional anti-neoplastic agents such as anthracyclines ornucleoside analogues such as cytosine arabinoside. Likewise, agents thatinduce leukemia stem cells into the cell cycle (G-CSF, GM-CSF, stem cellfactor, thrombopoietin (TPO)) or agents that negate the contributoryrole cytokines (TPO, CCL3(MIP-1)) play in remodeling the niche of cancerstem cells may be useful as part of a combination including an LSD1inhibitor.

Abbreviations and Definitions

To facilitate understanding of the disclosure, a number of terms andabbreviations as used herein are defined below as follows:

When introducing elements of the present disclosure or the preferredembodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” areintended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms“comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive andmean that there may be additional elements other than the listedelements.

The term “and/or” when used in a list of two or more items, means thatany one of the listed items can be employed by itself or in combinationwith any one or more of the listed items. For example, the expression “Aand/or B” is intended to mean either or both of A and B, i.e. A alone, Balone or A and B in combination. The expression “A, B and/or C” isintended to mean A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B in combination, Aand C in combination, B and C in combination or A, B, and C incombination.

The term “about,” as used herein when referring to a measurable valuesuch as an amount of a compound, dose, time, temperature, and the like,is meant to encompass variations of 20%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.5%, or even 0.1%from the specified amount.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a drug is an amount of drug orits pharmaceutically acceptable salt that eliminates, alleviates, orprovides relief of the symptoms of the disease for which it isadministered.

A “subject in need thereof” is a human or non-human animal that exhibitsone or more symptoms or indicia of a disease.

When ranges of values are disclosed, and the notation “from n₁ . . . ton₂” or “between n₁ . . . and n₂” is used, where n₁ and n₂ are thenumbers, then unless otherwise specified, this notation is intended toinclude the numbers themselves and the range between them. This rangemay be integral or continuous between and including the end values. Byway of example, the range “from 2 to 6 carbons” is intended to includetwo, three, four, five, and six carbons, since carbons come in integerunits. Compare, by way of example, the range “from 1 to 3 μM(micromolar),” which is intended to include 1 μM, 3 μM, and everythingin between to any number of significant figures (e.g., 1.255 μM, 2.1 μM,2.9999 μM, etc.). When n is set at 0 in the context of “0 carbon atoms”,it is intended to indicate a bond or null.

The term “alkylsulfonyl” as used herein, means an alkyl group, asdefined herein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through asulfonyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples ofalkylsulfonyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl andethylsulfonyl.

The term “alkylsulfonylalkyl” as used herein, means an alkylsulfonylgroup, as defined herein, appended to the parent molecular moietythrough an alkyl group, as defined herein. Representative examples ofalkylsulfonylalkyl include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonylmethyland ethylsulfonylmethyl.

The term “acyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to acarbonyl attached to an alkenyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl,heterocycle, or any other moiety where the atom attached to the carbonylis carbon. An “acetyl” group refers to a —C(O)CH₃ group. An“alkylcarbonyl” or “alkanoyl” group refers to an alkyl group attached tothe parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of suchgroups include methylcarbonyl and ethylcarbonyl. Examples of acyl groupsinclude formyl, alkanoyl and aroyl.

The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to astraight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon group having one or moredouble bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certainembodiments, said alkenyl will comprise from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Theterm “alkenylene” refers to a carbon-carbon double bond system attachedat two or more positions such as ethenylene [(—CH═CH—), (—C::C—)].Examples of suitable alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl,2-methylpropenyl, 1,4-butadienyl and the like. Unless otherwisespecified, the term “alkenyl” may include “alkenylene” groups.

The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to analkyl ether group, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below. Examplesof suitable alkyl ether groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy,isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.

The term “alkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to astraight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group containing from 1 to 20carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1 to10 carbon atoms. In further embodiments, said alkyl will comprise from 1to 6 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as definedherein. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl,hexyl, octyl, noyl and the like. The term “alkylene,” as used herein,alone or in combination, refers to a saturated aliphatic group derivedfrom a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at twoor more positions, such as methylene (—CH₂—). Unless otherwisespecified, the term “alkyl” may include “alkylene” groups.

The term “alkylamino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through anamino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated,forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino,N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-ethylmethylamino and the like.

The term “alkylidene,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon doublebond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.

The term “alkylthio,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan alkyl thioether (R—S—) group wherein the term alkyl is as definedabove and wherein the sulfur may be singly or doubly oxidized. Examplesof suitable alkyl thioether groups include methylthio, ethylthio,n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso-butylthio, sec-butylthio,tert-butylthio, methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfinyl, and the like.

The term “alkynyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to astraight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon group having one or moretriple bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In certainembodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In furtherembodiments, said alkynyl comprises from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. The term“alkynylene” refers to a carbon-carbon triple bond attached at twopositions such as ethynylene (—C≡C—). Examples of alkynyl groups includeethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1-yl,3-methylbutyn-1-yl, hexyn-2-yl, and the like. Unless otherwisespecified, the term “alkynyl” may include “alkynylene” groups.

The terms “amido” and “carbamoyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refer to an amino group as described below attached to theparent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group, or vice versa. Theterm “C-amido” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a—C(═O)—NR₂ group with R as defined herein. The term “N-amido” as usedherein, alone or in combination, refers to a RC(═O)NH— group, with R asdefined herein. The term “acylamino” as used herein, alone or incombination, embraces an acyl group attached to the parent moietythrough an amino group. An example of an “acylamino” group isacetylamino (CH₃C(O)NH—).

The term “amino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl,hydroxyalkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, andheterocycloalkyl, any of which may themselves be optionally substituted.Additionally, R and R′ may combine to form heterocycloalkyl, either ofwhich may be optionally substituted.

The term “amino acid”, as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a —NHCHRC(O)O— group, which may be attached to the parent molecularmoiety to give either an N-terminus or C-terminus amino acid, wherein Ris independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,heterocycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, amido, amidoalkyl, carboxyl,carboxylalkyl, guanidinealkyl, hydroxyl, thiol, and thioalkyl, any ofwhich themselves may be optionally substituted. The term C-terminus, asused herein, alone or in combination, refers to the parent molecularmoiety being bound to the amino acid at the amino group, to give anamide as described herein, with the carboxyl group unbound, resulting ina terminal carboxyl group, or the corresponding carboxylate anion. Theterm N-terminus, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to theparent molecular moiety being bound to the amino acid at the carboxylgroup, to give an ester as described herein, with the amino groupunbound resulting in a terminal secondary amine, or the correspondingammonium cation. In other words, C-terminus refers to —NHCHRC(O)OH or to—NHCHRC(O)O⁻ and N-terminus refers to H₂NCHRC(O)O— or to H₃N⁺CHRC(O)O—.

The term “aryl”, as used herein, alone or in combination, means acarbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings whereinsuch polycyclic ring systems are fused together. The term “aryl”embraces aromatic groups such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, andphenanthryl.

The term “arylalkenyl” or “aralkenyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkenyl group.

The term “arylalkoxy” or “aralkoxy,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkoxy group.

The term “arylalkyl” or “aralkyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkyl group.

The term “arylalkynyl” or “aralkynyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecularmoiety through an alkynyl group.

The term “arylalkanoyl” or “aralkanoyl” or “aroyl,” as used herein,alone or in combination, refers to an acyl group derived from anaryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, naphthoyl,phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl,(2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, and the like.

The term aryloxy as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to anaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxy.

The term azetidine, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan

group.

The term pyrrolidine, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toa

group.

The term imidazolidine, as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a

group.

The term pyrazolidine, as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a

group.

The term thiomorpholine, as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a

group.

The term pyrrole, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a

group.

The term pyrazole, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a

group.

The terms “benzo” and “benz,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refer to the divalent group C₆H₄=derived from benzene. Examples includebenzothiophene and benzimidazole.

The term “biphenyl” as used herein refers to two phenyl groups connectedat one carbon site on each ring.

The term “carbamate,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan ester of carbamic acid (—NHCOO—) which may be attached to the parentmolecular moiety from either the nitrogen or acid end, and which may beoptionally substituted as defined herein.

The term “O-carbamyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toa —OC(O)NRR′ group, with R and R′ as defined herein.

The term “N-carbamyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toa ROC(O)NR′— group, with R and R′ as defined herein.

The term “carbonyl,” as used herein, when alone includes formyl [—C(O)H]and in combination is a —C(O)— group.

The term “carboxyl” or “carboxy,” as used herein, refers to —C(O)OH orthe corresponding “carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxylic acidsalt. An “O-carboxy” group refers to a RC(O)O— group, where R is asdefined herein. A “C-carboxy” group refers to a —C(O)OR groups where Ris as defined herein.

The term “cyano,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—CN.

The term “cycloalkyl,” or, alternatively, “carbocycle,” as used herein,alone or in combination, refers to a saturated or partially saturatedmonocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl group wherein each cyclic moietycontains from 3 to 12 carbon atom ring members and which may optionallybe a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as definedherein. In certain embodiments, said cycloalkyl will comprise from 5 to7 carbon atoms. Examples of such cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, tetrahydronapthyl,indanyl, octahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl, adamantyl and thelike. “Bicyclic” and “tricyclic” as used herein are intended to includeboth fused ring systems, such as decahydronaphthalene,octahydronaphthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicentered)saturated or partially unsaturated type. The latter type of isomer isexemplified in general by, bicyclo[1,1,1]pentane, camphor, adamantane,and bicyclo[3,2,1]octane.

The term “ester,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to acarboxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.

The term “ether,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to anoxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.

The term “guanidine”, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—NHC(═NH)NH₂, or the corresponding guanidinium cation.

The term “halo,” or “halogen,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

The term “haloalkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through anoxygen atom.

The term “haloalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan alkyl group having the meaning as defined above wherein one or morehydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced aremonohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl groups. A monohaloalkylgroup, for one example, may have an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atomwithin the group. Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl groups may have two or moreof the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo groups.Examples of haloalkyl groups include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl,pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl,dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl anddichloropropyl. “Haloalkylene” refers to a haloalkyl group attached attwo or more positions. Examples include fluoromethylene (—CFH—),difluoromethylene (—CF₂—), chloromethylene (—CHCl—) and the like.

The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon group, orcombinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3 degreesof unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms andfrom one to three heteroatoms chosen from O, N, and S, and wherein thenitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogenheteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N and Smay be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Up totwo heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a 3 to 7 membered unsaturated heteromonocyclic ring, or a fusedmonocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system in which at least one ofthe fused rings is aromatic, which contains at least one atom chosenfrom O, S, and N. In certain embodiments, said heteroaryl will comprisefrom 5 to 7 carbon atoms. The term also embraces fused polycyclic groupswherein heterocyclic rings are fused with aryl rings, wherein heteroarylrings are fused with other heteroaryl rings, wherein heteroaryl ringsare fused with heterocycloalkyl rings, or wherein heteroaryl rings arefused with cycloalkyl rings. Examples of heteroaryl groups includepyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl, pyranyl, furanyl, thienyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, indolyl,isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl,quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzodioxolyl,benzopyranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl,benzothiadiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl,benzopyranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl,tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, thienopyridinyl, furopyridinyl,pyrrolopyridinyl, azepinyl, diazepinyl, benzazepinyl, and the like.Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl,phenanthrolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyland the like.

The term “heteroarylalkyl” as used herein alone or as part of anothergroup refers to alkyl groups as defined above having a heteroarylsubstituent.

The terms “heterocycloalkyl” and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” asused herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated,partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, ortricyclic heterocyclic group containing at least one heteroatom as aring member, wherein each said heteroatom may be independently chosenfrom nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain embodiments, saidhetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as ring members.In further embodiments, said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 1 to 2heteroatoms as ring members. In certain embodiments, saidhetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 8 ring members in each ring. Infurther embodiments, said hetercycloalkyl will comprise from 3 to 7 ringmembers in each ring. In yet further embodiments, said hetercycloalkylwill comprise from 5 to 6 ring members in each ring. “Heterocycloalkyl”and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones, sulfoxides, N-oxidesof tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclic fused and benzo fusedring systems; additionally, both terms also include systems where aheterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, or anadditional heterocycle group. Examples of heterocycle groups includeaziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl,dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl,dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl,dihy-dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl,imidazolidinyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,piperidinyl, piperazinyl, methylpiperazinyl, N-methylpiperazinyl,pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl,thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, diazepanyl, and the like. Theheterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless specificallyprohibited.

The term “hydrazinyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers totwo amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., —N—N—.

The term “hydroxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—OH.

The term “hydroxyalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through analkyl group.

The term “hydroxamic acid”, as used herein, alone or in combination,refers to —C(═O)NHOH, wherein the parent molecular moiety is attached tothe hydroxamic acid group by means of the carbon atom.

The term “imino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to═N—.

The term “iminohydroxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto ═N(OH) and ═N—O—.

The phrase “in the main chain” refers to the longest contiguous oradjacent chain of carbon atoms starting at the point of attachment of agroup to the compounds of any one of the formulas disclosed herein.

The term “isocyanato” refers to a —NCO group.

The term “isothiocyanato” refers to a —NCS group.

The phrase “linear chain of atoms” refers to the longest straight chainof atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen andsulfur.

The term “lower,” as used herein, alone or in a combination, where nototherwise specifically defined, means containing from 1 to and including6 carbon atoms.

The term “lower aryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, meansphenyl or naphthyl, which may be optionally substituted as provided.

The term “lower heteroaryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination,means either 1) monocyclic heteroaryl comprising five or six ringmembers, of which between one and four said members may be heteroatomschosen from O, S, and N, or 2) bicyclic heteroaryl, wherein each of thefused rings comprises five or six ring members, comprising between themone to four heteroatoms chosen from O, S, and N.

The term “lower cycloalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination,means a monocyclic cycloalkyl having between three and six ring members.Lower cycloalkyls may be unsaturated. Examples of lower cycloalkylinclude cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

The term “lower heterocycloalkyl,” as used herein, alone or incombination, means a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl having between threeand six ring members, of which between one and four may be heteroatomschosen from O, S, and N. Examples of lower heterocycloalkyls includepyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,and morpholinyl. Lower heterocycloalkyls may be unsaturated.

The term “lower amino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently chosen from hydrogen, loweralkyl, and lower heteroalkyl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted. Additionally, the R and R′ of a lower amino group maycombine to form a five- or six-membered heterocycloalkyl, either ofwhich may be optionally substituted.

The term “mercaptyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan RS— group, where R is as defined herein.

The term “nitro,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—NO₂.

The terms “oxy” or “oxa,” as used herein, alone or in combination, referto —O—.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to ═O.

The term “perhaloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group where all of thehydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.

The term “perhaloalkyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced byhalogen atoms.

The term “phosphonate,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a —P(═O)(OR)₂ group, wherein R is chosen from alkyl and aryl. Theterm “phosphonic acid”, as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a —P(═O)(OH)₂ group.

The term “phosphoramide”, as used herein, alone or in combination,refers to a —P(═O)(NR)₃ group, with R as defined herein.

The terms “sulfonate,” “sulfonic acid,” and “sulfonic,” as used herein,alone or in combination, refer to the —SO₃H group and its anion as thesulfonic acid is used in salt formation.

The term “sulfanyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—S—.

The term “sulfinyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—S(O)—.

The term “sulfonyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—S(O)₂—.

The term “N-sulfonamido” refers to a RS(═O)₂NR′— group with R and R′ asdefined herein.

The term “S-sulfonamido” refers to a —S(═O)₂NRR′, group, with R and R′as defined herein.

The terms “thia” and “thio,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refer to a —S— group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced withsulfur. The oxidized derivatives of the thio group, namely sulfinyl andsulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.

The term “thiol,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an—SH group.

The term “thiocarbonyl,” as used herein, when alone includesthioformyl—C(S)H and in combination is a —C(S)— group.

The term “N-thiocarbamyl” refers to an ROC(S)NR′— group, with R and R′as defined herein.

The term “O-thiocarbamyl” refers to a —OC(S)NRR′, group with R and R′ asdefined herein.

The term “thiocyanato” refers to a —CNS group.

The term “trihalomethoxy” refers to a X₃CO— group where X is a halogen.

Any definition herein may be used in combination with any otherdefinition to describe a composite structural group. By convention, thetrailing element of any such definition is that which attaches to theparent moiety. For example, the composite group alkylamido wouldrepresent an alkyl group attached to the parent molecule through anamido group, and the term alkoxyalkyl would represent an alkoxy groupattached to the parent molecule through an alkyl group.

When a group is defined to be “null,” what is meant is that said groupis absent. Similarly, when a designation such as “n” which may be chosenfrom a group or range of integers is designated to be 0, then the groupwhich it designates is either absent, if in a terminal position, orcondenses to form a bond, if it falls between two other groups.

The term “optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may besubstituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, the substituents of an“optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one ormore substituents independently selected from the following groups or aparticular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: loweralkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkanoyl, lower heteroalkyl,lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lowerhaloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl,phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, loweracyloxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower carboxyester,lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, loweralkylamino, arylamino, amido, nitro, thiol, lower alkylthio, lowerhaloalkylthio, lower perhaloalkylthio, arylthio, sulfonate, sulfonicacid, trisubstituted silyl, N₃, SH, SCH₃, C(O)CH₃, CO₂CH₃, CO₂H,pyridinyl, thiophene, furanyl, lower carbamate, and lower urea. Twosubstituents may be joined together to form a fused five-, six-, orseven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring consisting of zero tothree heteroatoms, for example forming methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy.An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₃),fully substituted (e.g., —CF₂CF₃), monosubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₂F) orsubstituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted andmonosubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CF₃). Where substituents are recited withoutqualification as to substitution, both substituted and unsubstitutedforms are encompassed. Where a substituent is qualified as“substituted,” the substituted form is specifically intended.Additionally, different sets of optional substituents to a particularmoiety may be defined as needed; in these cases, the optionalsubstitution will be as defined, often immediately following the phrase,“optionally substituted with.”

The term R or the term R′, appearing by itself and without a numberdesignation, unless otherwise defined, refers to a moiety chosen fromhydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl andheterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted. Such R andR′ groups should be understood to be optionally substituted as definedherein. Whether an R group has a number designation or not, every Rgroup, including R, R′ and Rn where n=(1, 2, 3, . . . n), everysubstituent, and every term should be understood to be independent ofevery other in terms of selection from a group. Should any variable,substituent, or term (e.g. aryl, heterocycle, R, etc.) occur more thanone time in a formula or generic structure, its definition at eachoccurrence is independent of the definition at every other occurrence.Those of skill in the art will further recognize that certain groups maybe attached to a parent molecule or may occupy a position in a chain ofelements from either end as written. Thus, by way of example only, anunsymmetrical group such as —C(O)N(R)— may be attached to the parentmoiety at either the carbon or the nitrogen.

Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds disclosed herein. Thesecenters are designated by the symbols “R” or “S,” depending on theconfiguration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It shouldbe understood that the invention encompasses all stereochemical isomericforms, including diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms, aswell as d-isomers and 1-isomers, and mixtures thereof. Individualstereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically fromcommercially available starting materials which contain chiral centersor by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed byseparation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed byseparation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, directseparation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or anyother appropriate method known in the art. Starting compounds ofparticular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can bemade and resolved by techniques known in the art. Additionally, thecompounds disclosed herein may exist as geometric isomers. The presentinvention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), and zusammen(Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof. Additionally,compounds may exist as tautomers; all tautomeric isomers are provided bythis invention. Additionally, the compounds disclosed herein can existin unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptablesolvents such as water, ethanol, and the like. In general, the solvatedforms are considered equivalent to the unsolvated forms.

The term “bond” refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or twomoieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part oflarger substructure. A bond may be single, double, or triple unlessotherwise specified. A dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of amolecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or absent atthat position.

The term “disease” as used herein is intended to be generallysynonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disorder” and“condition” (as in medical condition), in that all reflect an abnormalcondition of the human or animal body or of one of its parts thatimpairs normal functioning, is typically manifested by distinguishingsigns and symptoms, and causes the human or animal to have a reducedduration or quality of life.

The term “combination therapy” means the administration of two or moretherapeutic agents to treat a therapeutic condition or disorderdescribed in the present disclosure. Such administration encompassesco-administration of these therapeutic agents in a substantiallysimultaneous manner, such as in a single capsule having a fixed ratio ofactive ingredients or in multiple, separate capsules for each activeingredient. In addition, such administration also encompasses use ofeach type of therapeutic agent in a sequential manner. In either case,the treatment regimen will provide beneficial effects of the drugcombination in treating the conditions or disorders described herein.

The phrase “therapeutically effective” is intended to qualify the amountof active ingredients used in the treatment of a disease or disorder.This amount will achieve the goal of reducing or eliminating the saiddisease or disorder.

The term “therapeutically acceptable” refers to those compounds (orsalts, prodrugs, tautomers, zwitterionic forms, etc.) which are suitablefor use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity,irritation, and allergic response, are commensurate with a reasonablebenefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.

As used herein, reference to “treatment” of a patient is intended toinclude prophylaxis. The term “patient” means all mammals includinghumans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats,sheep, pigs, and rabbits. Preferably, the patient is a human.

The term “prodrug” refers to a compound that is made more active invivo. Certain compounds disclosed herein may also exist as prodrugs, asdescribed in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry,Biochemistry, and Enzymology (Testa, Bernard and Mayer, Joachim M.Wiley-VHCA, Zurich, Switzerland 2003). Prodrugs of the compoundsdescribed herein are structurally modified forms of the compound thatreadily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions toprovide the compound. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to thecompound by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment.For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to a compound when placedin a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemicalreagent. Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they maybe easier to administer than the compound, or parent drug. They may, forinstance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drugis not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmaceuticalcompositions over the parent drug. A wide variety of prodrug derivativesare known in the art, such as those that rely on hydrolytic cleavage oroxidative activation of the prodrug. An example, without limitation, ofa prodrug would be a compound which is administered as an ester (the“prodrug”), but then is metabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid,the active entity. Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of acompound.

The compounds disclosed herein can exist as therapeutically acceptablesalts. The present invention includes compounds listed above in the formof salts, including acid addition salts. Suitable salts include thoseformed with both organic and inorganic acids. Such acid addition saltswill normally be pharmaceutically acceptable. However, salts ofnon-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be of utility in thepreparation and purification of the compound in question. Basic additionsalts may also be formed and be pharmaceutically acceptable. For a morecomplete discussion of the preparation and selection of salts, refer toPharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use (Stahl, P.Heinrich. Wiley-VCHA, Zurich, Switzerland, 2002).

The term “therapeutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, representssalts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds disclosed herein which arewater or oil-soluble or dispersible and therapeutically acceptable asdefined herein. The salts can be prepared during the final isolation andpurification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriatecompound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid.Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate,L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate),bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate,formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate,hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride,hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate),lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate,methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate,3-phenylproprionate, phosphonate, picrate, pivalate, propionate,pyroglutamate, succinate, sulfonate, tartrate, L-tartrate,trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate,para-toluenesulfonate (p-tosylate), and undecanoate. Also, basic groupsin the compounds disclosed herein can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl,propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl,dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and sterylchlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides.Examples of acids which can be employed to form therapeuticallyacceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric,hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic,maleic, succinic, and citric. Salts can also be formed by coordinationof the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion. Hence, thepresent invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calciumsalts of the compounds disclosed herein, and the like.

Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation andpurification of the compounds by reaction of a carboxy group with asuitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of ametal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, ortertiary amine. The cations of therapeutically acceptable salts includelithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well asnontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium,tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine,triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine,N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine,dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine,1-ephenamine, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine. Other representativeorganic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts includeethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, andpiperazine.

A salt of a compound can be made by reaction of the appropriatecompound, in the form of the free base, with the appropriate acid.

The compounds disclosed herein can exist as polymorphs and otherdistinct solid forms such as solvates, hydrates, and the like. Acompound may be a polymorph, solvate, or hydrate of a salt or of thefree base or acid.

While it may be possible for the compounds disclosed herein to beadministered as the raw chemical, it is also possible to present them aspharmaceutical formulations (equivalently, “pharmaceuticalcompositions”). Accordingly, provided herein are pharmaceuticalformulations which comprise one or more of certain compounds disclosedherein, or one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters,prodrugs, amides, or solvates thereof, together with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and optionally one or moreother therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) must be “acceptable” inthe sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. Properformulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any ofthe well-known techniques, carriers, and excipients may be used assuitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences. The pharmaceutical compositions disclosedherein may be manufactured in any manner known in the art, e.g., bymeans of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making,levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or compressionprocesses.

The formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (includingsubcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarticular,intraadiposal, intraarterial, intracranial, intralesional, intranasal,intraocular, intrapericardial, intraperitoneal, intrapleural,intraprostatical, intrarectal, intrathecal, intratracheal, intratumoral,intraumbilical, intravaginal, intravesicular, intravitreal, andintramedullary), intraperitoneal, rectal, topical (including, withoutlimitation, dermal, buccal, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, nasal, otic,and ocular), local, mucosal, sublingual, subcutaneous, transmucosal,transdermal, transbuccal, transdermal, and vaginal; liposomal, incremes, in lipid compositions, via a catheter, via a lavage, viacontinuous infusion, via infusion, via inhalation, via injection, vialocal delivery, via localized perfusion, bathing target cells directly,or any combination thereof. Administration although the most suitableroute may depend upon for example the condition and disorder of therecipient. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosageform and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art ofpharmacy. Typically, these methods include the step of bringing intoassociation a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, ester, amide, prodrug or solvate thereof (“active ingredient”)with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. Ingeneral, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimatelybringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers orfinely divided solid carriers or both and then, if necessary, shapingthe product into the desired formulation.

Formulations of the compounds disclosed herein suitable for oraladministration may be presented as discrete units such as hard or softcapsules, wafers, cachets or tablets each containing a predeterminedamount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a syrup,elixir, solution, or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueousliquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion, a water-in-oil liquidemulsion, or a compound dispersed in a liposome. The active ingredientmay also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

Pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include tablets,push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules madeof gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Tablets maybe made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessoryingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in asuitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as apowder or granules, optionally mixed with binders, inert diluents, orlubricating, surface active or dispersing agents. Molded tablets may bemade by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compoundmoistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally becoated or scored and may be formulated to provide delayed, slowed, orcontrolled release or absorption of the active ingredient therein.Compositions may further comprise an agent that enhances solubility ordispersability. All formulations for oral administration should be indosages suitable for such administration. The push-fit capsules cancontain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose,binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesiumstearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the activecompounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such asfatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. Inaddition, stabilizers may be added. Dragee cores are provided withsuitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may beused, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide,lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings foridentification or to characterize different combinations of activecompound doses.

Depending on the route of administration, the compounds, or granules orparticles thereof, may be coated in a material to protect the compoundsfrom the action of acids and other natural conditions that mayinactivate the compounds.

The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration byinjection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion, either tothe body or to the site of a disease or wound. Formulations forinjection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or inmulti-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions maytake such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily oraqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending,stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. The formulations may be presentedin unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules andvials, and may be stored in powder form or in a freeze-dried(lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterileliquid carrier, for example, saline or sterile pyrogen-free water,immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions andsuspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tabletsof the kind previously described.

Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous andnon-aqueous (oily) sterile injection solutions of the active compoundswhich may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes whichrender the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intendedrecipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which mayinclude suspending agents and thickening agents. Suitable lipophilicsolvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or syntheticfatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes.Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances that increase theviscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also containsuitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of thecompounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.To administer the therapeutic compound by other than parenteraladministration, it may be necessary to coat the compound with, orco-administer the compound with a material to prevent its inactivation(for example, via liposomal formulation).

In addition to the formulations described previously, the compounds mayalso be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulationsmay be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously orintramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, thecompounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobicmaterials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ionexchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as asparingly soluble salt.

For buccal or sublingual administration, the compositions may take theform of tablets, lozenges, pastilles, or gels formulated in conventionalmanner. Such compositions may comprise the active ingredient in aflavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth.

The compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such assuppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventionalsuppository bases such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or otherglycerides.

Certain compounds disclosed herein may be administered topically, thatis by non-systemic administration. This includes the application of acompound disclosed herein externally to the epidermis or the buccalcavity and the instillation of such a compound into the ear, eye andnose, such that the compound does not significantly enter the bloodstream. In contrast, systemic administration refers to oral,intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular administration.

Formulations suitable for topical administration include liquid orsemi-liquid preparations suitable for penetration through the skin tothe site of inflammation such as gels, liniments, lotions, creams,ointments or pastes, and drops suitable for administration to the eye,ear or nose. The active ingredient for topical administration maycomprise, for example, from 0.001% to 10% w/w (by weight) of theformulation. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may compriseas much as 10% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise less than 5%w/w. In certain embodiments, the active ingredient may comprise from 2%w/w to 5% w/w. In other embodiments, it may comprise from 0.1% to 1% w/wof the formulation.

Topical ophthalmic, otic, and nasal formulations disclosed herein maycomprise excipients in addition to the active ingredient. Excipientscommonly used in such formulations include, but are not limited to,tonicity agents, preservatives, chelating agents, buffering agents, andsurfactants. Other excipients comprise solubilizing agents, stabilizingagents, comfort-enhancing agents, polymers, emollients, pH-adjustingagents and/or lubricants. Any of a variety of excipients may be used informulations disclosed herein including water, mixtures of water andwater-miscible solvents, such as C1-C7-alkanols, vegetable oils ormineral oils comprising from 0.5 to 5% non-toxic water-soluble polymers,natural products, such as alginates, pectins, tragacanth, karaya gum,guar gum, xanthan gum, carrageenan, agar and acacia, starch derivatives,such as starch acetate and hydroxypropyl starch, and also othersynthetic products such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone,polyvinyl methyl ether, polyethylene oxide, preferably cross-linkedpolyacrylic acid and mixtures of those products. The concentration ofthe excipient is, typically, from 1 to 100,000 times the concentrationof the active ingredient. In preferred embodiments, the excipients to beincluded in the formulations are typically selected because of theirinertness towards the active ingredient component of the formulations.

Relative to ophthalmic, otic, and nasal formulations, suitabletonicity-adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, mannitol,sodium chloride, glycerin, sorbitol and the like. Suitable bufferingagents include, but are not limited to, phosphates, borates, acetatesand the like. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to,ionic and nonionic surfactants (though nonionic surfactants arepreferred), RLM 100, POE 20 cetylstearyl ethers such as Procol® CS20 andpoloxamers such as Pluronic® F68.

The formulations set forth herein may comprise one or morepreservatives. Examples of such preservatives include p-hydroxybenzoicacid ester, sodium perborate, sodium chlorite, alcohols such aschlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol or phenyl ethanol, guanidine derivativessuch as polyhexamethylene biguanide, sodium perborate, polyquaternium-1,amino alcohols such as AMP-95, or sorbic acid. In certain embodiments,the formulation may be self-preserved so that no preservation agent isrequired.

In certain topical embodiments, formulations are prepared using abuffering system that maintains the formulation at a pH of about 4.5 toa pH of about 8. In further embodiments, the pH is from 7 to 8.

Gels for topical or transdermal administration may comprise, generally,a mixture of volatile solvents, nonvolatile solvents, and water. Incertain embodiments, the volatile solvent component of the bufferedsolvent system may include lower (C1-C6) alkyl alcohols, lower alkylglycols and lower glycol polymers. In further embodiments, the volatilesolvent is ethanol. The volatile solvent component is thought to act asa penetration enhancer, while also producing a cooling effect on theskin as it evaporates. The nonvolatile solvent portion of the bufferedsolvent system is selected from lower alkylene glycols and lower glycolpolymers. In certain embodiments, propylene glycol is used. Thenonvolatile solvent slows the evaporation of the volatile solvent andreduces the vapor pressure of the buffered solvent system. The amount ofthis nonvolatile solvent component, as with the volatile solvent, isdetermined by the pharmaceutical compound or drug being used. When toolittle of the nonvolatile solvent is in the system, the pharmaceuticalcompound may crystallize due to evaporation of volatile solvent, whilean excess may result in a lack of bioavailability due to poor release ofdrug from solvent mixture. The buffer component of the buffered solventsystem may be selected from any buffer commonly used in the art; incertain embodiments, water is used. A common ratio of ingredients isabout 20% of the nonvolatile solvent, about 40% of the volatile solvent,and about 40% water. Several optional ingredients can be added to thetopical composition. These include, but are not limited to, chelatorsand gelling agents. Appropriate gelling agents can include, but are notlimited to, semisynthetic cellulose derivatives (such ashydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and synthetic polymers, galactomannanpolymers (such as guar and derivatives thereof), and cosmetic agents.

Lotions include those suitable for application to the skin or eye. Aneye lotion may comprise a sterile aqueous solution optionally containinga bactericide and may be prepared by methods similar to those for thepreparation of drops. Lotions or liniments for application to the skinmay also include an agent to hasten drying and to cool the skin, such asan alcohol or acetone, and/or a moisturizer such as glycerol or an oilsuch as castor oil or arachis oil.

Creams, ointments or pastes are semi-solid formulations of the activeingredient for external application. They may be made by mixing theactive ingredient in finely-divided or powdered form, alone or insolution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous fluid, with the aidof suitable machinery, with a greasy or non-greasy base. The base maycomprise hydrocarbons such as hard, soft or liquid paraffin, glycerol,beeswax, a metallic soap; a mucilage; an oil of natural origin such asalmond, corn, arachis, castor or olive oil; wool fat or its derivativesor a fatty acid such as stearic or oleic acid together with an alcoholsuch as propylene glycol or a macrogel. The formulation may incorporateany suitable surface active agent such as an anionic, cationic ornon-ionic surfactant such as a sorbitan ester or a polyoxyethylenederivative thereof. Suspending agents such as natural gums, cellulosederivatives or inorganic materials such as silicaceous silicas, andother ingredients such as lanolin, may also be included.

Drops may comprise sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions andmay be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a suitableaqueous solution of a bactericidal and/or fungicidal agent and/or anyother suitable preservative, and, in certain embodiments, including asurface active agent. The resulting solution may then be clarified byfiltration, transferred to a suitable container which is then sealed andsterilized by autoclaving or maintaining at 98-100° C. for half an hour.Alternatively, the solution may be sterilized by filtration andtransferred to the container by an aseptic technique. Examples ofbactericidal and fungicidal agents suitable for inclusion in the dropsare phenylmercuric nitrate or acetate (0.002%), benzalkonium chloride(0.01%) and chlorhexidine acetate (0.01%). Suitable solvents for thepreparation of an oily solution include glycerol, diluted alcohol andpropylene glycol.

Formulations for topical administration in the mouth, for examplebuccally or sublingually, include lozenges comprising the activeingredient in a flavored basis such as sucrose and acacia or tragacanth,and pastilles comprising the active ingredient in a basis such asgelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia.

For administration by inhalation, compounds may be convenientlydelivered from an insufflator, nebulizer pressurized packs or otherconvenient means of delivering an aerosol spray. Pressurized packs maycomprise a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane,trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide orother suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosageunit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.Alternatively, for administration by inhalation or insufflation, thecompounds according to the invention may take the form of a dry powdercomposition, for example, a powder mix of the compound and a suitablepowder base such as lactose or starch. The powder composition may bepresented in unit dosage form, in for example, capsules, cartridges,gelatin or blister packs from which the powder may be administered withthe aid of an inhalator or insufflator.

The therapeutic compound may also be administered intraspinally orintracerebrally. Dispersions for these types of administrations can beprepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereofand in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, thesepreparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth ofmicroorganisms.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. In all cases, the composition must be sterileand must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It mustbe stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must bepreserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such asbacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion mediumcontaining, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (such as, glycerol,propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like),suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The proper fluidity canbe maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, bythe maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersionand by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action ofmicroorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungalagents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid,thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable toinclude isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, orpolyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, in the composition.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating thetherapeutic compound in the required amount in an appropriate solventwith one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required,followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are preparedby incorporating the therapeutic compound into a sterile carrier thatcontains a basic dispersion medium and required other ingredients to bepharmacologically sound. In the case of sterile powders for thepreparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods ofpreparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder ofthe active ingredient (i.e., the therapeutic compound) plus anyadditional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filteredsolution thereof.

It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions indosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete unitssuited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unitcontaining a predetermined quantity of therapeutic compound calculatedto produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with therequired pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unitforms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) theunique characteristics of the therapeutic compound and the particulartherapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent inthe art of compounding such a therapeutic compound for the treatment ofa selected condition in a patient.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularlymentioned above, the formulations described above may include otheragents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulationin question, for example, those suitable for oral administration mayinclude flavoring agents.

Compounds may be administered at a dose of from 0.1 to 500 mg/kg perday. The dose range for adult humans is generally from 5 mg to 2 g/day.Tablets or other forms of presentation provided in discrete units mayconveniently contain an amount of one or more compounds which iseffective at such dosage or as a multiple of the same, for instance,units containing 5 mg to 500 mg, usually around 10 mg to 200 mg.

Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing an effectivedose, as herein below recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, ofthe active ingredient. In certain embodiments, a formulation disclosedherein is administered once a day. However, the formulations may also beformulated for administration at any frequency of administration,including once a week, once every 5 days, once every 3 days, once every2 days, twice a day, three times a day, four times a day, five times aday, six times a day, eight times a day, every hour, or any greaterfrequency. Such dosing frequency is also maintained for a varyingduration of time depending on the therapeutic regimen. The duration of aparticular therapeutic regimen may vary from one-time dosing to aregimen that extends for months or years. The formulations areadministered at varying dosages, but typical dosages are one to twodrops at each administration, or a comparable amount of a gel or otherformulation. One of ordinary skill in the art would be familiar withdetermining a therapeutic regimen for a specific indication.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carriermaterials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon thehost treated and the particular mode of administration. Similarly, theprecise amount of compound administered to a patient will be theresponsibility of the attendant physician. The specific dose level forany particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors includingthe activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight,general health, sex, diets, time of administration, route ofadministration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the precisedisorder being treated, and the severity of the indication or conditionbeing treated. In addition, the route of administration may varydepending on the condition and its severity.

In certain instances, it may be appropriate to administer at least oneof the compounds described herein (or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, ester, or prodrug thereof) in combination with another therapeuticagent. By way of example only, if one of the side effects experienced bya patient upon receiving one of the compounds herein is inflammation,then it may be appropriate to administer an anti-inflammatory agent incombination with the initial therapeutic agent. Alternatively, by way ofexample only, the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compoundsdescribed herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e.,by itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but incombination with another therapeutic agent, the overall therapeuticbenefit to the patient is enhanced). There is even the possibility thattwo compounds, one of the compounds described herein and a secondcompound may together achieve the desired therapeutic effect thatneither alone could achieve. Alternatively, by way of example only, thebenefit experienced by a patient may be increased by administering oneof the compounds described herein with another therapeutic agent (whichalso includes a therapeutic regimen) that also has therapeutic benefit.By way of example only, in a treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia orsickle cell anemia involving administration of one of the compoundsdescribed herein, increased therapeutic benefit may result by alsoproviding the patient with another therapeutic agent for sickle cellanemia or for acute myelogenous leukemia. In any case, regardless of thedisease, disorder or condition being treated, the overall benefitexperienced by the patient may simply be additive of the two therapeuticagents or the two agents may have synergistic therapeutic effects in apatient.

Effective combination therapy may be achieved with a single compositionor pharmacological formulation that includes both agents, or with twodistinct compositions or formulations, at the same time, wherein onecomposition includes a compound of the present disclosure, and the otherincludes the second agent(s). Alternatively, the therapy may precede orfollow the other agent treatment by intervals ranging from minutes tomonths. Administration of the compounds of the present disclosure to apatient will follow general protocols for the administration ofpharmaceuticals, taking into account the toxicity, if any, of the drug.It is expected that the treatment cycles would be repeated as necessary.

Specific, non-limiting examples of possible combination therapiesinclude use of certain compounds of the invention with the followingagents and classes of agents: agents that inhibit DNA methyltransferasessuch as decitabine or 5′-aza-cytadine; agents that inhibit the activityof histone deacetylases, histone de-sumoylases, histonede-ubiquitinases, or histone phosphatases such as hydroxyurea; antisenseRNAs that might inhibit the expression of other components of theprotein complex bound at the DR site in the gamma globin promoter;agents that inhibit the action of Klf1 or the expression of KLF1; agentsthat inhibit the action of Bcl11a or the expression of BCL11A; andagents that inhibit cell cycle progression such as hydroxyurea, ara-C ordaunorubicin; agents that induce differentiation in leukemic cells suchas all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA).

Thus, in another aspect, the present invention provides methods fortreating diseases or disorders in a human or animal subject in need ofsuch treatment comprising administering to said subject an amount of acompound disclosed herein effective to reduce or prevent said disorderin the subject in combination with at least one additional agent for thetreatment of said disorder that is known in the art.

Used either as a monotherapy or in combination with other agents, thecompounds disclosed herein are useful in the prevention and/or treatmentof beta-hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia major, sickle celldisease, hemoglobin E/thalassemia, and thalassemia intermedia.

The compounds disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of diseasesin which an increase in transcription through the manipulation ofepigenetic regulatory factors such as inhibition of KDM1A would bebeneficial to the patient. This applies to diseases in which but notlimited to loss of function mutations, mutations resulting inhaploinsufficiency, deletions and duplications of genetic material orepigenetic regulatory mechanisms have altered the normal expressionpattern of a gene or genes that has the effect of altering the dose of agene product(s). Such diseases may include diseases both acquired andhereditary in which the expression of, for example, cytokines affectingimmune function, are altered, X-linked mental retardation and otherforms of compromised cognitive or motor function such as Alzheimer andParkinson disease whether they are the acquired or hereditary forms,lipid disorders such as elevated cholesterol, low density lipoprotein,very low density lipoprotein or triglycerides, both type one and typetwo diabetes, and Mendelian genetic diseases.

Other disorders or conditions that can be advantageously treated by thecompounds disclosed herein include inflammation and inflammatoryconditions. Inflammatory conditions include, without limitation:arthritis, including sub-types and related conditions such as rheumatoidarthritis, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis,systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis, acute rheumaticarthritis, enteropathic arthritis, neuropathic arthritis, psoriaticarthritis, and pyogenic arthritis; osteoporosis, tendonitis, bursitis,and other related bone and joint disorders; gastrointestinal conditionssuch as reflux esophagitis, diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease,Crohn's disease, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerativecolitis, acute and chronic inflammation of the pancreas; pulmonaryinflammation, such as that associated with viral infections and cysticfibrosis; skin-related conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, burns,sunburn, dermatitis (such as contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, andallergic dermatitis), and hives; pancreatitis, hepatitis, pruritus andvitiligo. In addition, compounds of invention are also useful in organtransplant patients either alone or in combination with conventionalimmunomodulators.

Autoimmune disorders may be ameliorated by the treatment with compoundsdisclosed herein. Autoimmune disorders include Crohn's disease,ulcerative colitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitus type1, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome(GBS), autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Hashimoto's disease, idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura, lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissuedisease, multiple sclerosis (MS), myasthenia gravis, narcolepsy,pemphigus vulgaris, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis,polymyositis, primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren'ssyndrome, scleroderma, temporal arteritis (also known as “giant cellarteritis”), vasculitis, and Wegener's granulomatosis.

The compounds disclosed herein are also useful for the treatment oforgan and tissue injury associated with severe burns, sepsis, trauma,wounds, and hemorrhage- or resuscitation-induced hypotension, and alsoin such diseases as vascular diseases, migraine headaches, periarteritisnodosa, thyroiditis, aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, sclerodoma,rheumatic fever, type I diabetes, neuromuscular junction diseaseincluding myasthenia gravis, white matter disease including multiplesclerosis, sarcoidosis, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, Behcet'ssyndrome, polymyositis, gingivitis, periodontis, swelling occurringafter injury, ischemias including myocardial ischemia, cardiovascularischemia, and ischemia secondary to cardiac arrest, and the like.

The compounds disclosed herein are also useful for the treatment ofcertain diseases and disorders of the nervous system. Central nervoussystem disorders in KDM1A inhibition is useful include corticaldementias including Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system damageresulting from stroke, ischemias including cerebral ischemia (both focalischemia, thrombotic stroke and global ischemia (for example, secondaryto cardiac arrest), and trauma. Neurodegenerative disorders in whichKDM1A inhibition is useful include nerve degeneration or nerve necrosisin disorders such as hypoxia, hypoglycemia, epilepsy, and in cases ofcentral nervous system (CNS) trauma (such as spinal cord and headinjury), hyperbaric oxygen-induced convulsions and toxicity, dementiae.g., pre-senile dementia, and AIDS-related dementia, cachexia,Sydenham's chorea, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's Disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Korsakoffs disease, cognitivedisorders relating to a cerebral vessel disorder, hypersensitivity,sleeping disorders, schizophrenia, depression, depression or othersymptoms associated with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), and anxiety.

Still other disorders or conditions advantageously treated by thecompounds disclosed herein include the prevention or treatment ofhyperproliferative diseases, especially cancers, either alone or incombination with standards of care especially those agents that targettumor growth by re-instating tumor suppressor genes in the malignantcells. Hematological and non-hematological malignancies which may betreated or prevented include but are not limited to multiple myeloma,acute and chronic leukemias and hematopoietic proliferative andneoplastic disorders including Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), AcuteMyelogenous Leukemia (AML), Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), ChronicLymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), and Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML),lymphomas, including Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (low,intermediate, and high grade), as well as solid tumors and malignanciesof the brain, head and neck, breast, lung (including non-small-cell lungcancer), reproductive tract, upper digestive tract, pancreas, liver,renal system, bladder, prostate and colorectal. The present compoundsand methods can also be used to treat fibrosis, such as that whichoccurs with radiation therapy. The present compounds and methods can beused to treat subjects having or prevent the progression of adenomatouspolyps, including those with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) orsarcoidosis. Non-cancerous proliferative disorders additionally includepsoriasis, eczema, and dermatitis.

The present compounds may also be used in co-therapies, partially orcompletely, in place of other conventional anti-inflammatory therapies,such as together with steroids, NSAIDs, COX-2 selective inhibitors,5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, LTB₄ antagonists and LTA₄ hydrolaseinhibitors. The compounds disclosed herein may also be used to preventtissue damage when therapeutically combined with antibacterial orantiviral agents.

The compounds disclosed herein are also useful for the treatment oftreat metabolic disorders. KDM1A, using flavin adenosine dinucleotide(FAD) as a cofactor, epigenetically regulates energy-expenditure genesin adipocytes depending on the cellular FAD availability. Additionally,loss of KDM1A function induces a number of regulators of energyexpenditure and mitochondrial metabolism resulting in the activation ofmitochondrial respiration. Furthermore, in the adipose tissues from micefed a high-fat diet, expression of KDM1A-target genes is reduced.

Metabolic syndrome (also known as metabolic syndrome X) is characterizedby having at least three of the following symptoms: insulin resistance;abdominal fat—in men this is defined as a 40 inch waist or larger, inwomen 35 inches or larger; high blood sugar levels—at least 110milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) after fasting; high triglycerides—atleast 150 mg/dL in the blood stream; low HDL-less than 40 mg/dL;pro-thrombotic state (e.g., high fibrinogen or plasminogen activatorinhibitor in the blood); or blood pressure of 130/85 mmHg or higher. Aconnection has been found between metabolic syndrome and otherconditions such as obesity, high blood pressure and high levels of LDLcholesterol, all of which are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.For example, an increased link between metabolic syndrome andatherosclerosis has been shown. People with metabolic syndrome are alsomore prone to developing type 2 diabetes, as well as PCOS (polycysticovarian syndrome) in women and prostate cancer in men.

As described above, insulin resistance can be manifested in severalways, including type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the condition mostobviously linked to insulin resistance. Compensatory hyperinsulinemiahelps maintain normal glucose levels often for decades before overtdiabetes develops. Eventually the beta cells of the pancreas are unableto overcome insulin resistance through hypersecretion. Glucose levelsrise and a diagnosis of diabetes can be made. Patients with type 2diabetes remain hyperinsulinemic until they are in an advanced stage ofdisease. As described above, insulin resistance can also correlate withhypertension. One half of patients with essential hypertension areinsulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic, and there is evidence that bloodpressure is linked to the degree of insulin resistance. Hyperlipidemia,too, is associated with insulin resistance. The lipid profile ofpatients with type 2 diabetes includes increased serum very-low-densitylipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and triglyceride levels and, sometimes, adecreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level. Insulinresistance has been found in persons with low levels of high-densitylipoprotein HDL). Insulin levels have also been linked to VLDL synthesisand plasma triglyceride levels.

Specific metabolic diseases and symptoms to be treated by the compounds,compositions, and methods disclosed herein are those mediated at leastin part by KDM1A. Accordingly, disclosed herein are methods: fortreating insulin resistance in a subject; for reducing glycogenaccumulation in a subject; for raising HDL or HDLc, lowering LDL orLDLc, shifting LDL particle size from small dense to normal LDL,lowering VLDL, lowering triglycerides, or inhibiting cholesterolabsorption in a subject; for reducing insulin resistance, enhancingglucose utilization or lowering blood pressure in a subject; forreducing visceral fat in a subject; for reducing serum transaminases ina subject; for inducing mitochondrial respiration in a subject; or fortreating disease; all comprising the administration of a therapeuticamount of a compound as described herein, to a patient in need thereof.In further embodiments, the disease to be treated may be a metabolicdisease. In further embodiment, the metabolic disease may be selectedfrom the group consisting of: obesity, diabetes mellitus, especiallyType 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, metabolicsyndrome X, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia,and hepatic steatosis. In other embodiments, the disease to be treatedmay be selected from the group consisting of: cardiovascular diseasesincluding vascular disease, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease,cerebrovascular disease, heart failure and peripheral vessel disease. Inpreferred embodiments, the methods above do not result in the inductionor maintenance of a hypoglycemic state.

Besides being useful for human treatment, certain compounds andformulations disclosed herein may also be useful for veterinarytreatment of companion animals, exotic animals and farm animals,including mammals, rodents, and the like. More preferred animals includehorses, dogs, and cats.

Methods General Synthetic Methods for Preparing Compounds

The following schemes can be used to practice the present invention.

Scheme 1 depicts an example of a synthesis wherein R³ and R⁵ are eachpara-fluorophenyl in the final product. However, by substitutingreagents wherein the fluorine is replaced by another substituent such asmethoxy or chlorine, or wherein additional substituents on the phenylare present, or wherein the phenyl is replaced by another aryl or aheteroaryl in either step 1 or step 4, additional compounds of Formula Ican be made. The trans-2-phenyl-aminocyclopropane substituent can existin two distinct steric forms that are prepared from the (+) and the (−)forms of the starting material trans-2-phenyl aminocyclopropane.Further, compounds where n=3 may be prepared from L-glutamic acid ratherthan L-adipic acid by the same methods. Additional variations can beaccomplished through methods known in the art.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, whichhave not been made yet or tested. The methods exemplified below may alsobe extrapolated to compounds disclosed herein which may not yet have notbeen made or tested.

Intermediate A: (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropanamine

A solution of ethyl 2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)propanoate (3.45 g, 14.48mmol, 2.00 equiv) in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (20 mL) was treatedwith n-BuLi (2.5M) (5.8 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. Theresulting solution was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. To thiswas added 2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxirane (1 g, 7.24 mmol, 1.00 equiv). Theresulting solution was stirred for 12 h while the temperature wasmaintained at 80° C. in an oil bath. The reaction mixture was cooled toRT. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 20 mL of water.The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organiclayers was dried and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed onsilica gel and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:100). Thisresulted in 1 g (62%) of ethyl(1R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate as yellowoil. A solution of ethyl(1R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate (1 g, 4.50mmol, 1.00 equiv) in methanol/H₂O (10/2 mL) and potassium hydroxide(1.26 g, 22.46 mmol, 4.99 equiv) was stirred for 10 h at roomtemperature. The resulting solution was diluted with H₂O. The pH valueof the solution was adjusted to 2 with hydrochloric acid (2 mol/L). Theresulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organiclayers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum. This resulted in 800 mg (92%) of(1R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as yellowoil. A solution of(1R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (400 mg,2.06 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in toluene (10 mL) was mixed withdiphenoxyphosphoryl azide (680 mg, 2.47 mmol, 1.20 equiv), andtriethylamine (312 mg, 3.08 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The resulting solutionwas stirred for 30 min at 90° C. in an oil bath. Then, tert-butanol (2mL) was added. The resulting solution was allowed to react, withstirring, for an additional 12 h while the temperature was maintained at90° C. in an oil bath. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and the resulting solution was diluted with ethyl acetate.The resulting mixture was washed with H₂O. The mixture was dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue waschromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1:100). This resulted in 350 mg (64%) oftert-butyl N-[(1R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl]carbamate asyellow oil. A solution of tert-butylN-[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl]carbamate (350 mg,1.32 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in methanol (HCl) (10 mL) was stirred for 2 h atroom temperature. The resulting solution was diluted with 10 mL of H₂O.The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 9 with saturated sodiumbicarbonate solution. The resulting solution was extracted with 3×10 mLof ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in200 mg (92%) of (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropan-1-amineas yellow oil.

Example 1:N—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide

Reaction Scheme for Alkyl-Linked Compounds

(S)-2-benzamido-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was prepared from(S)-2-amino-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid. This material (1 g, 3.98 mmol, 1.00equiv) in tetrahydrofuran was reacted with3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (DEPBT) (2.4 g,8.03 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and imidazole (542 mg, 7.97 mmol, 2.00 equiv).This was followed by the addition of a solution of pyrrolidine (283 mg,3.98 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran at 0° C. in 30 min. Theresulting solution was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. Thesolution was diluted with KH₂PO₄(aq.). The aqueous layer was extractedwith ethyl acetate and the organic layers were washed with brine anddried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparativeHPLC and eluted with MeCN with 0.5% NH₄HCO₃. This resulted in 640 mg(53%) of (S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamideas a light yellow oil.(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide (640 mg,2.10 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (100 ml) was oxidized withDess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (893 mg, 2.11 mmol, 1.00 equiv). Theresulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. in a water/ice bathand was then diluted with Na₂SO₃(aq.) and NaHCO₃(aq.). The aqueouslayers were extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layers werewashed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Afterfiltration, solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue waschromatographed on silica gel and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleumether (10:1). This gave 150 mg (24%) of(S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide as a whitesolid. (S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide (150 mg,0.50 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was dissolved in dichloromethane (25 mL).(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropanamine (66 mg, 0.50 mmol, 1.00 equiv) wasadded. After stirring 5 minutes, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (252 mg,1.19 mmol, 2.40 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for30 min at 0° C. After the reaction was completed, the resulting solutionwas diluted with sat.NaHCO₃. Then it was extracted with dichloromethane.The organic layers were washed with brine and dried over anhydroussodium sulfate. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and theresidue was purified by Prep-HPLC (CAN/H₂O with 0.5% NH₄HCO₃). Thisresulted in 29 mg (14%) ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamideas colorless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.85 (d, J=7.5 Hz,2H), 7.60-7.00 (m, 8H), 4.85-4.75 (m, 1H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.30(m, 4H), 2.74 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.75 (m, 7H),1.74-1.37 (m, 4H), 1.10-0.95 (m, 2H); MS (ES, m/z): 420 (M+H).

Example 2:N—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared in the same manner as was described for the synthesis ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)-2-benzamido-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was coupled with piperidine using3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one and imidazole.The resultant alcohol(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide wasoxidized under Dess-Martin conditions to the aldehyde(S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide. This wascoupled with (1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropanamine under reductive aminationconditions (Na(OAc)₃BH) to yield the desired productN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamideas a colorless oil. ES, m/z=434 (M+H). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm:7.86 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.70-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.30-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.08(m, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.15-5.00 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.60 (m, 2H),3.60-3.40 (m, 2H), 2.34 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.40-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.40(m, 4H), 1.15-1.00 (m, 2H).

Example 3:4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared in a manner analogous to the previous example. The alcohol4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared by reduction of (S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)hexanedioic acidwith Me₂S—BH₃. This type of reduction was used to prepare similaralcohols (e.g. The alcohol starting material(S)-2-benzamido-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid for the synthesis ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide).Into a 1000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with aninert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)hexanedioic acid (10 g, 35.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv)in tetrahydrofuran (300 ml). Then a solution of Me₂S—BH₃ (11 mL, 3.00equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was added at 0° C. The resultingsolution was stirred for 3 h at 0° C. in an ice/salt bath. The reactionwas then quenched by the addition of 20 ml of methanol. The resultingmixture was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting solution wasdiluted with 300 ml of sat.Na₂CO₃. The resulting solution was extractedwith 3×100 mL of ethyl acetate and the aqueous layers combined. The pHvalue of the solution was adjusted to 2 with hydrochloric acid (2mol/L). The resulting solution was extracted with 3×200 ML of ethylacetate and the organic layers combined. The resulting mixture waswashed with 1×500 mL of brine. The mixture was dried over anhydroussodium sulfate. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum. This resulted in 6 g (63%) of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid as colorless oil. Thismaterial was reacted with N-methyl piperazine followed by Dess-Martinoxidation and coupling via reductive amination with(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine in the manner described forthe synthesis ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamideto yield the desired product4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamideas colorless oil. ES, m/s=485*M+H). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm:7.83 (dd, J₁=5.4 Hz, J₂=1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.18-7.04 (m, 3H), 7.00-6.87 (m,4H), 5.17-5.05 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.50 (m, 4H), 2.71 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.30(s, 3H), 2.28-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.31 (m, 9H),1.07-0.96 (m, 1H), 0.94-0.86 (m, 1H).

Example 4:N—((S)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared in the same manner as was described for the synthesis ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)-2-benzamido-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was coupled with N-methylpiperidine using 3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one(DEPBT) and imidazole. The resultant alcohol(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas oxidized under Dess-Martin conditions to the aldehyde(S)—N-(1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide. Thiswas coupled with (1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropanamine under reductiveamination conditions (Na(OAc)₃BH) to yield the desiredN—((S)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)benzamideas a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.91-7.80 (m, 2H),7.60-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.02 (m, 3H), 5.03 (dd, J=8.1Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.48 (m, 4H), 2.73 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.35(m, 4H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 4H), 1.95-1.72 (m, 3H), 1.70-1.38 (m, 4H),1.10-0.95 (m, 2H); MS (ES, m/z): 449 (M+H).

Example 5:4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide

4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared by the method described forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)-2-benzamido-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was reacted with diethyl aminewith 3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one(DEPBT)/imidazole to give(S)—N-(1-(diethylamino)-6-hydroxy-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide in 45% yieldas a colorless oil. This was oxidized under Dess Martin conditions togive the aldehyde (S)—N-(1-(diethylamino)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamidein 45% yield as a yellow oil. The aldehyde was reacted with(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropanamine under reductive amination conditions(Na(OAc)₃BH) to giveN—((S)-1-(diethylamino)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)benzamideas a light yellow oil (6% yield). ES, m/z=422 (M+H). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.85 (dd, J₁=5.25 Hz, J₂₌1.65 Hz, 2H), 7.68-7.40 (m,3H), 7.22 (t, J=7.35 Hz, 2H), 7.15-7.00 (m, 3H), 4.94-5.05 (m, 1H),3.60-3.45 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.73 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.35(m, 1H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 3H), 1.67-1.39 (m, 4H), 1.31 (t, J=7.05 Hz, 3H),1.14 (t, J=7.05 Hz, 3H), 1.10-0.95 (m, 2H)

Example 6:N—((S)-1-morpholino-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-1-morpholino-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared by the method that was described earlier forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)-2-benzamido-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was reacted with morpholine,3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (DEPBT) andimidazole to give(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-morpholino-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide in 37% yield asa colorless oil. This was oxidized under Dess-Martin conditions to give(S)—N-(1-morpholino-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide in 45% yield as acolorless oil. This material was reacted with(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropanamine under reductive amination conditions(Na(OAc)₃BH) to give, after prep-hplc, a 7% yield ofN—((S)-1-morpholino-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)hexan-2-yl)benzamideas a light yellow oil. ES, m/z=436 (M+H). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δppm: 7.85 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.46 (t, J=7.35 Hz, 2H),7.22 (t, J=7.35 Hz, 2H), 7.15-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 5.00(t, J=7.05 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.48 (m, 8H), 2.32 (t, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 2.36-2.08(m, 1H), 1.95-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.54 (m, 2H),1.54-1.40 (m, 2H), 0.97-1.12 (m, 2H)

Example 7:N-[(2S)-6-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide

N-[(2S)-6-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamidewas prepared by the method that was described for ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.A 240 mg sampleof(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)picolinamide wasconverted under Dess-Martin conditions to the aldehyde(S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)picolinamide as a yellowoil. Under reductive amination conditions with(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine the aldehyde gave the productN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)picolinamideas a light yellow oil. ES, m/z=453 (M+1). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-_(d6),δ): 8.65 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03-7.94 (m, 1H),7.65-7.42 (m, 1H), 7.15-6.89 (m, 4H), 5.05-5.18 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.43 (m,4H), 2.70 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.32-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.79 (m, 2H),1.80-1.38 (m, 11H), 1.07-0.89 (m, 2H).

Example 8:N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared with a modification of the method that used that forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.The key alcohol intermediate(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared in a slightly different manner than was described earlier.(2S)-2-amino-6-methoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid was first reacted with benzoylchloride to give (S)-2-benzamido-6-methoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid. This wasconverted to the amide (S)-methyl5-benzamido-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoate with1-methane sulfonylpiperazine/HATU and DIEA. The ester was hydrolyzedwith LiOH in methanol/water to yield the acid(S)-5-benzamido-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoic acidin 72% yield as a yellow solid. This was reduced with BH₃/THF to givethe alcohol(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidein 59% yield as a yellow oil. This was converted to the mesylate(S)—N-(1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamideusing methane sulfonyl chloride and triethyl amine. The mesylate was awhite solid. Yield was 40%. The mesylate was reacted in sn2 fashion with(S)-5-benzamido-6-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoic acidin the presence of DIEA/KI in acetonitrile to giveN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamideas a white solid in 18% yield. ES, m/z=545 (M+H). 1H NMR (300 MHz,CDCl3, ppm): 7.80-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.07-7.12 (m, 2H),6.92-7.01 (m, 1H), 5.13-5.18 (m, 1H), 3.88-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.92 (m,4H), 3.09-3.21 (m, 2H), 2.72-2.80 (m, 5H), 2.12-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.89(m, 6H), 0.81-1.11 (m, 4H)

N—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide:This preparation is similar to that ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamidevia Dess-Martin oxidation and reductive amination to form product.However, the synthesis of intermediate(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidediffered in that this method gave superior optical purity.

Example 9:N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide.A solution of (S)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid(820 mg, 3.64 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane1-methanesulfonylpiperazine (2.18 g, 13.27 mmol, 3.00 equiv),1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide “EDCI” (1.7 g, 2.00 equiv)and hydroxybenzatriazole, “HOBT” (1.2 g, 2.00 equiv) was stirred for 1 hat room temperature. After the reaction was completed, the reaction wasquenched with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organiclayers were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated,and chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1:3). This resulted in 340 mg (25%) of(S)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)hexan-1-oneas a yellow solid. A solution this material (440 mg, 1.18 mmol, 1.00equiv) in ethanol was treated with a solution of NH₂OH.HCl (430 mg, 5.20equiv) in water and NH₂OH (1.97 g, 28.70 equiv). The resulting solutionwas stirred for 6 days at 80° C. The reaction mixture was concentratedunder vacuum and quenched with ice water. The pH was adjusted to pH 10with aqueous NaOH and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganics were concentrated and the residue chromatographed on silica geland eluted with dichloromethane/methanol (10:1). This resulted in 210 mg(60%) of (S)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)hexan-1-one as a solid. A 322 mg sample of this material(1.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv in tetrahydrofuran and NEt₃ (133 mg, 1.32 mmol,1.20 equiv was reacted with a solution of benzoyl chloride (185 mg, 1.32mmol, 1.20 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran at 0° C. during addition andstirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase waswashed with brine, dried, and concentrated. The residue waschromatographed on silica gel and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleumether (1:5). This resulted in 304 mg (70%) of(S)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)hexan-1-one ascolorless oil. This(S)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)hexan-1-onewas oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde in the manner described forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.Yield 66%. The resulting(S)—N-(1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas reacted with (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine under thereductive amination conditions described earlier to yield the desiredN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamideas a colorless oil, yield 14%. ES, m/z=457 (M+H). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.86 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.43-7.60 (m, 3H), 6.90-7.12(m, 4H), 5.03 (t, J=7.05 Hz, 1H), 3.89-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.62-3.77 (m, 1H),3.45-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.330 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.20 (m,1H), 2.87 (s, 3H), 2.73 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 2.25-2.32 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.95(m, 3H), 1.40-1.68 (m, 4H), 0.92-1.08 (m, 2H).

Example 10:N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared by the same method that was described forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was reactedwith piperidine/EDCl/HOBt to yield(S)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-1-one.This was deprotected with hydroxyl amine in methanol to yield(S)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-1-one which could bereacted with benzoyl chloride and triethylamine to yield(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide. Thisalcohol was oxidized under Dess-Martin conditions to yield the aldehyde(S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide. The aldehydewas, in turn, coupled with (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamineunder reductive amination conditions (Na(OAc)₃BH) to yield the productN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamideas a light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.92-7.83 (m,2H), 7.60-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.90 (m, 2H), 5.07 (dd,J=8.1 Hz, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.42 (m, 4H), 2.72 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.40 (m, 13H), 1.10-0.90 (m, 2H); MS (ES, m/z):452 (M+H).

Example 11:N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-morpholino-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-morpholino-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared by the same method that was described forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid was reactedwith morpholine/EDCl/HOBt to yield(S)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-6-hydroxy-1-morpholinohexan-1-onewith a 69% yield. This was deprotected with hydroxyl amine in methanolto yield (S)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-1-morpholinohexan-1-one which could bereacted with benzoyl chloride and triethylamine to yield(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-morpholino-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide with a 63% yieldon deprotection and 69% on amide formation. This alcohol was oxidizedunder Dess-Martin conditions to yield the aldehyde(S)—N-(1-morpholino-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide with a 70% yield. Thealdehyde was, in turn, coupled with(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine under reductive aminationconditions (Na(OAc)₃BH) to yield the productN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-morpholino-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewith a yield of 21% after purification by prep HPLC. ES, m/z=454 (M+H).¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.85 (dd, J₁=5.1 Hz, J₂=1.8 Hz 2H),7.83-7.45 (m, 3H), 7.09-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.92 (m, 2H), 5.03 (d, J=4.05Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 8H), 2.72 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.29-2.27 (m, 1H),0.95-1.90 (m, 10H)

Example 12:N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared by the same method that was described forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared in the usual way. This alcohol was oxidized underDess-Martin conditions to yield the aldehyde(S)—N-(1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide as ayellow solid with a 75% yield. The aldehyde was, in turn, coupled with(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine under reductive aminationconditions (Na(OAc)₃BH) to yield the productN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewith a yield of 3% after purification by prep HPLC on a chiral column.ES, m/z=467 (M+1). H-NMR: (CD3OD, ppm): 7.86-7.85 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 2H),7.59-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.01 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.88 (t,J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.01-5.12 (d, J=6 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.43(m, 2H), 2.66-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.39 (m, 4H), 2.34-2.21 (m, 4H),1.98-1.73 (m, 3H), 1.64-1.38 (m, 4H), 0.91-1.11 (m, 2H)

Example 13:4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)

4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)(S)-4-fluoro-N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared in a manner similar to that exemplified in the synthesis ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.The alcohol precursor(S)-4-fluoro-N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamidewas oxidized under des-Martin conditions and the resultant aldehyde wascoupled with (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine under the usualreductive amination conditions to yield the desired product4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)as a colorless oil. ES, m/z=470 (M+H). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm:7.91-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.01-7.12 (m, 2H), 6.94 (t, 2H), 5.05(t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.73 (m, 4H), 2.73 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.25-2.33(m, 1H), 1.52-1.97 (m, 13H), 0.92-1.08 (m, 2H)

Example 14:N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide

N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidewas prepared in a manner similar to that exemplified in the synthesis ofN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.The alcohol(S)—N-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidewas oxidized under des-Martin conditions and the resultant aldehyde(S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamidewas coupled with (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine under theusual reductive amination conditions to yield the desired productN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamideas an off-white semi-solid. ES, m/z=520 (M+1). H-NMR (CD₃OD, ppm):8.14-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.88-7.71 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.26-6.83 (m, 4H), 5.13(s, 1H), 3.59-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.58-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.71 (b, 2H),2.62-2.33 (b, 1H), 2.21-1.95 (b, 1H), 1.91-1.36 (m, 12H), 1.27-1.11 (m,2H).

Example 15:N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide

N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamidewas prepared by the same method that was described forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.(S)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-1-one was reacted with4-phenylbenzoyl chloride and triethylamine to yield(S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide.This alcohol was oxidized under Dess-Martin conditions to yield thealdehyde(S)—N-(1,6-dioxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide.The aldehyde was, in turn, coupled with(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine under reductive aminationconditions (Na(OAc)₃BH) to yield the productN—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamideas a colorless oil. ES, m/z: 528 (M+1). H-NMR: (CD₃OD, ppm): 7.94 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.90-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.60-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.20-7.00 (m, 2H),7.00-6.90 (m, 2H), 5.12 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.74 (t,J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.45 (m, 13H), 1.15-0.85 (m, 2H).

Example 16:N—((S)-1-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

N—((S)-1-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared in a manner similar to that described forN—((S)-1-oxo-6-(((1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl)amino)-1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)benzamide.Dess-Martin oxidation resulted in 80 mg (80%) ofN-[(2S)-1-(1,1-dioxo-1[6],4-thiomorpholin-4-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl]benzamideas a yellow solid. Coupling under reductive amination conditions with(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine yielded the desired productin 24% yield as an off white solid. ES, m/z=502 (M+1). H-NMR-: (DMSO-d6,ppm): 8.90 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.89 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 7.15-6.90 (m, 4H), 4.95-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.95-3.80(m, 1H), 3.75-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.12 (m, 3H), 3.12-2.95 (m, 1H),2.70-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.60 (m, 3H), 1.55-1.30 (m,4H), 1.00-0.80 (m, 2H).

Example 17:4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideReaction Scheme for SO₂-Linker

4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide.A solution of (R)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-3-mercaptopropanoic acid (5 g,20.55 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL) was stirred with potassiummethaneperoxoate (5.7 g, 40.94 mmol). This was followed by the additionof a solution of 2-bromoethan-1-ol (2.8 g, 22.41 mmol) inN,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. Theresulting solution was stirred for 5 h at room temperature. Theresulting solution was diluted with 200 mL of H₂O. The pH value of thesolution was adjusted to 3 with hydrochloric acid (2 mol/L). Theresulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organiclayers combined and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentratedunder vacuum. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel and elutedwith dichloromethane/methanol (20:1). This resulted in 4 g (68%) of(R)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-3-((2-hydroxyethyl)thio)propanoic acid asyellow oil.(R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-((2-hydroxyethyl)thio)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideas yellow oil. To a solution of(R)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-3-((2-hydroxyethyl)thio)propanoic acid (4 g,13.92 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL), was added3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (DEPBT) (6.25 g,20.90 mmol, 1.50 equiv) and imidazole (1.42 g, 20.88 mmol, 1.50 equiv).The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 0° C. Then morpholine (1.2 g,13.77 mmol, 0.99 equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirredfor 12 h at room temperature. The resulting solution was diluted with200 mL of ethyl acetate. The resulting mixture was washed with brine.The organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was chromatographed on silica geland eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:10). This resulted in 3g (60%) of the desired product. To a solution of this(R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-((2-hydroxyethyl)thio)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide(3 g, 8.42 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (30 mL) and imidazole(1.14 g, 16.76 mmol, 1.99 equiv) was added tert-butyldimethylsilylchloride “TBSCl” (1.9 g, 12.58 mmol, 1.49 equiv), dropwise at 0° C. Theresulting solution was stirred for 6 h at room temperature. The reactionwas then quenched by the addition of water. The resulting solution wasextracted with dichloromethane and the organic layers combined and driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residuewas chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1:30). This resulted in 2 g (50%) of(R)—N-(3-((2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)thio)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-fluorobenzamidewhich was white solid. A solution of(R)—N-(3-((2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)thio)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide(2 g, 4.25 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and meta-chloroperbenzoic acid, “m-CPBA”(1.84 g, 10.66 mmol, 2.51 equiv) was for 6 h at room temperature. Thiswas diluted with of DCM. The resulting mixture was washed with ofsaturated sodium bicarbonate solution. This was washed with of brine.The organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate andconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was chromatographed column withethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:30). This resulted in 1.3 g (61%) of(R)—N-(3-((2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-fluorobenzamideas a white solid. This was dissolved in THF and treated withtetrabutylammonium fluoride, “TBAF” with stirring for 10 h. The reactionwas diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The mixture wasdried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1:20). This resulted in 300 mg (78%) of(R)-4-fluoro-N-(3-((2-hydroxyethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideas yellow oil. This alcohol was converted to the mesylate withmethanesulfonyl chloride, “MsCl” and triethyl amine and the mesylate wasreacted with (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropanamine toyield4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamidein a 28% yield as a white solid. ES, m/z: [M+], 536; H-NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃): δ7.87-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.17-7.07 (m, 4H), 0.99-6.95 (m, 2H),5.70-5.65 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.64 (m, 10H), 3.42-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.33 (m,3H), 2.22-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.10-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.00 (s, 3H), 0.90-0.87 (m,1H).

Example 18:4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide

The method that was described for the synthesis of4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamidewas used in the preparation of4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide.The mesylate,4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide,was prepared by the methods described earlier. The mesylate was reactedwith (1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanamine in the presence ofDIEA/KI in acetonitrile at 50 degrees to give the desired4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideas a white solid. ES, m/z=534 (M+H). H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ7.86˜7.81(m, 2H), 7.12˜7.07 (m, 2H), 6.97˜6.94 (m, 2H), 6.81˜6.78 (m, 2H),5.67˜5.64 (m, 1H), 3.80˜3.77 (m, 4H), 3.71˜3.58 (m, 11H), 3.42˜3.38 (m,2H), 2.48˜2.42 (m, 1H), 2.20˜2.10 (m, 1H), 2.28˜1.23 (m, 1H), 1.03˜1.00(m, 1H).

Example 19:4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide

4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamidewas prepared by the method used to prepare0.4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide.The mesylate(R)-2-((2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-3-morpholino-3-oxopropyl)sulfonyl)ethylmethanesulfonate was prepared as described earlier. This was reactedwith (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine and DIEA/KI inacetonitrile at 50 degrees to yield4-fluoro-N—((R)-3-((2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethyl)sulfonyl)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideas a white solid. ES, m/z:=522 (M+H). H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ7.85˜7.81(m, 2H), 7.14˜7.08 (m, 2H), 7.00˜6.90 (m, 4H), 5.69˜5.62 (m, 1H),3.79˜3.54 (m, 12H), 3.40˜3.35 (m, 2H), 2.44˜2.42 (m, 1H), 2.18˜2.14 (m,1H), 1.28˜1.23 (m, 1H), 1.09˜1.03 (m, 1H).

Example 20:4-fluoro-N—((S)-3-(2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethoxy)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideReaction Scheme for Oxygen-Linked Compounds:

A solution of (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid (21 g, 199.82 mmol,1.00 equiv) in H₂O/dioxane (450/210 mL) was treated with sodiumcarbonate in water. To this was added a solution of 4-fluorobenzoylchloride in dioxane at 0° C. The solution was stirred for 1 h at 0° C.The reaction was extracted with ethyl acetate. The water layers wereacidified and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers werewashed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate andconcentrated to yield 45 g (99%) of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid as a white solid. Thematerial (4 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and treated with3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one, (DEPBT) (10.54g, 2.00 equiv) and imidazole (2.4 g, 2.00 equiv), and, after stirring 30min, morpholine (1.53 g, 17.56 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran at0° C. and then at RT for 16. The reaction was diluted with 150 mL ofKH₂PO₄(aq.) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were washedwith brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After concentration,the residue was chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with 10/1dichloromethane/methanol (10:1). This resulted in 800 mg (15%) of(S)-4-fluoro-N-(3-hydroxy-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide as ayellow oil. This was dissolved in DMF and treated with sodium hydride(130 mg, 5.42 mmol, 2.00 equiv) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred for 30min at 25° C. This was followed by the addition of a solution of ethyl2-bromoacetate (903 mg, 5.41 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamideat 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 25° C. Thereaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of water/ice. Theresulting solution was diluted with H₂O and extracted with ethylacetate. After a brine wash, the organics were dried and concentratedand then chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1:1). This resulted in 500 mg (48%) of(S)-ethyl 2-(2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-3-morpholino-3-oxopropoxy)acetate asa light yellow oil. This was dissolved in THF and treated with NaBH₄(100 mg, 2.64 mmol, 2.00 equiv at 0° C. The resulting solution wasstirred for 16 h at 25° C. The reaction was quenched with water/ice andextracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were washed with brine, driedover sodium sulfate, concentrated, and chromatographed on silica gel andeluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:0). This resulted in 350 mg(79%) of(S)-4-fluoro-N-(3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideas colorless oil. This was converted to the mesylate using MsCl/TEA/THFin the usual way (81% as an off white solid) and the mesylate wasreacted with (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine to yield thedesired4-fluoro-N—((S)-3-(2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)ethoxy)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideas a light yellow oil (12%). ES, m/z=474 (M+H). ¹H NMR (300 MHz,CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.76 (dd, J₁=5.4 Hz, J₂=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=7.5 Hz,1H), 7.04 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.4-6.85 (m, 4H), 5.22 (dd, J₁=7.2 Hz,J₂=12.6 Hz, 1H), 3.90-3.48 (m, 12H), 2.84 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 2.40-2.25(m, 1H), 2.05-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.03-0.99 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.80 (m, 1H)

Example 21:4-fluoro-N—((S)-3-(2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)acetamido)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamideReaction Scheme for Amine-Linked Compounds

4-fluoro-N—((S)-3-(2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)acetamido)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide:(2S)-3-amino-2-[[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino]propanoic acid was reactedwith chloroacetyl chloride in sodium carbonate/dioxane/water for 6 h togive (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-(2-chloroacetamido)propanoicacid in 44% yield as a white solid. The acid was reacted with morpholinein the usual fashion with HOBT, EDCl in DMF to give a 49% yield of(S)-tert-butyl(3-(2-chloroacetamido)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamate as awhite solid. The amine was deprotected with TFA in methylene chloride togive (S)—N-(2-amino-3-morpholino-3-oxopropyl)-2-chloroacetamide in 25%yield as a white solid. This could be converted with p-fluorobenzoylchloride to(S)—N-(3-(2-chloroacetamido)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide.Yield was 25% after silica gel chromatography and eluted with ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1/3). The chloroketone was reacted with(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine, K₂CO₃, NaI in acetone toyield the desired4-fluoro-N—((S)-3-(2-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)acetamido)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide(32% yield) as a white solid. ES, m/z=487 (M+H). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃Cl,ppm): 7.49-7.87 (m, 4H), 7.01-7.26 (m, 2H), 6.89-6.99 (m, 4H), 5.18-5.22(m, 1H), 3.94-3.80 (m, 12H), 2.46-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.02-2.06 (m, 1H),0.93-1.16 (m, 2H)

Example 22:4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-(((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)amino)-1-morpholino-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

Step 1. (S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)hexanedioic Acid (1)

In a 1000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(2S)-2-aminohexanedioic acid (10 g, 62.05 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in hydrogenchloride (0.5 mol/L) (250 mL). Then dioxane (80 mL) was added. This wasfollowed by the addition of a solution of sodium carbonate (23.1 g, 3.50equiv) in water (60 mL) and a solution of 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride (11.8g, 74.42 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in dioxane (20 mL) were added dropwise withstirring at 0° C. at the same time. The resulting solution was stirredfor 1 h at 0° C. in a water/ice bath. After the reaction was completed,the resulting solution was extracted with 2×400 mL of ethyl acetate.Then the pH value of the aqueous layers was adjusted to 2 with hydrogenchloride (1 mol/L). The aqueous layers were extracted with 3×400 mL ofethyl acetate and the organic layers combined. The organic layers werewashed with 1×1000 mL of brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.After filtration, solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Theresidue was washed with 1×100 mL of DCM. This resulted in 11 g (63%) of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)hexanedioic acid as a white solid.

Step 2. (S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-methoxy-6-oxohexanoic Acid (2)

Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)hexanedioic acid (10 g, 35.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv)in methanol (360 mL). This was followed by the addition of acetylchloride (3.3 g, 42.04 mmol, 1.20 equiv) dropwise with stirring at 0° C.in 30 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 60 min at 0° C. Afterthe reaction was completed, Na₂CO₃(aq.) was added to the reaction. Theresulting solution was extracted with 3×300 mL of ethyl acetate andthen. Then the pH value of the aqueous layers were adjusted to 2 withhydrogen chloride (1 mol/L). The aqueous layers were extracted with3×400 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined. The organiclayers were washed with 1×1000 mL of brine and dried over anhydroussodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent was removed under reducedpressure. This resulted in 6.4 g (61%) of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-methoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid as colorless oil

Step 3. (S)-methyl 5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-morpholino-6-oxohexanoate (3)

Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-methoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid (3.5 g, 11.77mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (90 mL), DEPBT (7 g, 23.41 mmol,2.00 equiv) and imidazole (1.6 g, 2.00 equiv). The mixture solution wasstirred for 30 min at 0° C. To this was added a solution of morpholine(1 g, 11.48 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) dropwise withstirring at 0° C. in 30 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 hat room temperature. The resulting solution was diluted with 150 mL ofKH₂PO₄(aq.). The resulting solution was extracted with 3×150 mL of ethylacetate and the organic layers combined. The resulting mixture waswashed with 1×300 mL of brine. The mixture was dried over anhydroussodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was appliedonto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:1). Thisresulted in 1.7 g (39%) of (S)-methyl5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-morpholino-6-oxohexanoate as yellow oil

Step 4. (S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-morpholino-6-oxohexanoic Acid (4)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of (S)-methyl5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-morpholino-6-oxohexanoate (1.6 g, 4.37 mmol,1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (16 mL). This was followed by theaddition of a solution of LiOH (112 mg, 4.68 mmol, 1.10 equiv) in water(14.4 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. in 5 min. The resultingsolution was stirred for 1 h at 25° C. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with 20 mL of water.The resulting solution was extracted with 2×20 mL of ethyl acetate andthe aqueous layers combined. The pH value of the solution was adjustedto 2 with hydrogen chloride (1 mol/L). The resulting solution wasextracted with 3×30 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined.The resulting mixture was washed with 1×40 mL of brine. The mixture wasdried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. Thisresulted in 1.3 g (84%) of(S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-morpholino-6-oxohexanoic acid as lightyellow oil

Step 5.4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-morpholino-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-morpholino-6-oxohexanoic acid (200 mg, 0.60mmol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL), HATU (500 mg, 1.31mmol, 2.00 equiv), DIEA (170 mg, 1.32 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine (94.3 mg, 0.62 mmol, 1.10equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at 25° C. Theresulting solution was diluted with 100 mL of H₂O. The resultingsolution was extracted with 3×30 mL of ethyl acetate and the organiclayers combined. The organic layers were washed with 1×100 mL of Brine.The mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solids werefiltered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Thecrude product was purified by Prep-HPLC. This resulted in 196.1 mg (67%)of4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-morpholino-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamideas a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.95 (dd, J₁=6.7 Hz,J₂=3.15 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.25 (m, 4H), 6.99 (t, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 4.87-5.04(m, 1H), 3.73-3.58 (m, 8H), 2.84-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.75 (m, 2H),2.04-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.19-1.14 (m, 2H). LC/MS: (ES,m/z): 486 [M+H]⁺

Example 23:N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxamide

Example 24:4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

Step 1. (S)-methyl5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoate (1)

Into a 500-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-2-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-methoxy-6-oxohexanoic acid (3.5 g, 11.77mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (90 mL), DEPBT (7 g, 23.41 mmol,2.00 equiv) and imidazole (1.6 g, 23.53 mmol, 2.00 equiv). The mixturesolution was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. This was followed by theaddition of a solution of 1-methylpiperazine (1.2 g, 11.98 mmol, 1.00equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. in 40min. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 25° C. The resultingsolution was diluted with 150 mL of KH₂PO₄ (aq.). The resulting solutionwas extracted with 3×150 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layerscombined. The resulting mixture was washed with 1×300 mL of brine. Themixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated undervacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column with ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1:1). This resulted in 2.4 g (54%) of(S)-methyl5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoate as lightyellow oil.

Step 2.(S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoic Acid(2)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of (S)-methyl5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoate (1.75 g,4.64 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (17 mL). This was followed bythe addition of a solution of LiOH (118 mg, 4.93 mmol, 1.10 equiv) inH₂O (15 mL) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. The resulting solution wasstirred for 1 h at 25° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated undervacuum. This resulted in 1.3 g(crude) (77%) of(S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoic acidas yellow oil.

Step 3.4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoic acid(400 mg, 1.10 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL), HATU(832 mg, 2.19 mmol, 2.00 equiv), DIEA (284 mg, 2.20 mmol, 2.00 equiv)and (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine (182 mg, 1.20 mmol, 1.10equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at 25° C. Theresulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crude product waspurified by Prep-HPLC. This resulted in 63.1 mg (11%) of4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamideas a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.95 (dd, J₁=6.7 Hz,J₂=3.15 Hz, 2H), 7.23-7.25 (m, 4H), 6.99 (t, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 4.87-5.04(m, 1H), 3.73-3.58 (m, 8H), 2.84-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.75 (m, 2H),2.04-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.72 (m, 4H), 1.19-1.14 (m, 2H). LC/MS: (ES,m/z): 486 [M+H]⁺

Example 25:4-fluoro-N—((S)-3-(2-((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylamino)-2-oxoethoxy)-1-morpholino-1-oxopropan-2-yl)benzamide

Step 1. (E)-methyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate (1)

In a 1000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with aninert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of(E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (40 g, 224.49 mmol, 1.00 equiv) inmethanol (300 mL). This was followed by the addition of thionyldichloride (54 g, 453.90 mmol, 2.00 equiv) dropwise with stirring at 0°C. in 2 hr. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 65° C. in anoil bath. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was concentratedunder vacuum. The residue was diluted with 300 mL of ethyl acetate andthen washed with 1×400 mL of sat.NaHCO₃, 1×300 mL of brine. The mixturewas dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure. This resulted in 41 g (95%) of(E)-methyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate as an off-white solid.

Step 2. Methyl 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (2)

Into a 3000-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and maintained with aninert atmosphere of nitrogen, was placed a solution of (E)-methyl3-(4-methoxyphenyl)acrylate (41 g, 213.31 mmol, 1.00 equiv) indichloromethane (500 mL), Pd(OAc)₂ (480 mg, 2.14 mmol, 0.01 equiv). Thiswas followed by the addition of a solution of CH₂N₂ in ether (1500 mL)dropwise with stirring at −5° C. The resulting solution was stirred for4 h at 0° C. After the reaction was completed, the reaction was quenchedby the addition of 4 mL of AcOH. The resulting mixture was washed with1×400 mL of sat.Na₂CO₃ and then concentrated under vacuum. The residuewas applied onto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether(1:3). The collected fractions were combined and concentrated undervacuum. This resulted in 42 g (97%) of methyl2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate as an off-white solid.

Step 3. 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid (3)

Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (42 g, 203.65 mmol, 1.00equiv) in methanol (250 mL), then a solution of potassium hydroxide ((57g, 1.02 mol, 5.00 equiv) in methanol (200 mL) was added. The resultingsolution was stirred for 5 h at room temperature. After the reaction wascompleted, it was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dilutedwith 1000 mL of H₂O. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 2 withhydrogen chloride (2 mol/L). The resulting solution was extracted with3×1000 mL of dichloromethane and the organic layers combined. Thecombined organic layers were washed with 1×1500 mL of brine and driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent was removedunder reduced pressure. This resulted in 36 g (90%) of2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid as an off-white solid.

Step 4.(1R,2R)—N—((R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide(4)

Into a 1000-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (36 g, 187.29 mmol, 1.00equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (500 mL), HOBt (25 g, 185.02 mmol, 1.00equiv), EDCI (36 g, 187.79 mmol, 1.00 equiv),(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylethan-1-ol (26 g, 189.53 mmol, 1.00 equiv). Theresulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. After thereaction was completed, the mixture was poured into 300 mL of ice/waterwith stirring. The solids were collected by filtration. The residue wasapplied onto a silica gel column with dichloromethane/ethyl acetate(10:1-1:1). This resulted in 10.0 g (17%) of(1R,2R)—N—((R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamideas a white solid.

Step 5. (1R,2R)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid (5)

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(1R,2R)—N—((R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxamide(10 g, 32.12 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in 1, 4-dioxane (70 mL) and sulfuric acid(70 mL, 3 mol/L). The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h at 100° C.in an oil bath. After the reaction was completed, it was cooled to roomtemperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Theresidue was diluted with 300 mL of water, extracted with 3×300 mL ofethyl acetate and the organic layers combined. The combined organiclayers were washed with 1×500 mL of brine and dried over anhydroussodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent was removed under reducedpressure. This resulted in 4.8 g (78%) of(1R,2R)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid as an off-whitesolid.

Step 6. Tert-butyl (1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylcarbamate (6)

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(1R,2R)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (4.8 g, 24.97mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tert-Butanol (50 mL), DPPA (6.9 g, 25.07 mmol, 1.00equiv), TEA (2.5 g, 24.71 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The resulting solution wasstirred for 5 h at 90° C. in an oil bath. After the reaction wascompleted, it was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was appliedonto a silica gel column with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:10). Thecollected fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum. Thisresulted in 2.5 g (38%) of tert-butyl(1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylcarbamate as a light yellow solid.

Step 7. (1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanamine (7)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of tert-butyl(1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylcarbamate (2.5 g, 9.49 mmol, 1.00equiv) in HCl/MeOH (40 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 hat room temperature. After the reaction was completed, it wasconcentrated under vacuum. The resulting solution was diluted with 50 mLof H₂O, extracted with 2×30 mL of ethyl acetate and the aqueous layerscombined. Sat.NaHCO₃ was employed to adjust the pH to 9. The resultingsolution was extracted with 3×40 mL of ethyl acetate and the organiclayers combined. The combined organic layers were washed with 1×100 mLof brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration,solvent was removed under reduced pressure. This resulted in 1.4 g (90%)of (1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanamine as light yellow oil.¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ ppm: 7.00-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.83-6.76 (m, 2H),3.77 (s, 3H), 2.52-2.45 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.72 (s, 2H),1.02-0.86 (m 2H).

Step 8.4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-morpholino-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-morpholino-6-oxohexanoic acid (200 mg, 0.57mmol, 1.00 equiv), HATU (500 mg, 1.31 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and DIEA (170mg, 1.32 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in N, N-dimethylformamide (30 mL). Themixture was stirring for 5 min at room temperature. Then(1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanamine (102 mg, 0.62 mmol, 1.10equiv) was added. The resulting solution was continued to stir for 2 hat room temperature. After the reaction was completed, it was dilutedwith 50 mL of H₂O. The resulting solution was extracted with 3×30 mL ofethyl acetate and the organic layers combined. The organic layers werewashed with 1×100 mL of brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.After filtration, solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by Prep-HPLC (ACN/H₂O with 0.5% NH₄HCO₃). Thisresulted in 138.7 mg (49%) of4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-morpholino-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamideas a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 8.00-7.90 (m, 2H),7.25-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.80 (m, 2H), 5.05-5.00 (m,1H), 3.87-3.55 (m, 11H), 2.85-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.92(m, 1H), 1.90-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.18-1.05 (m, 2H); MS (ES, m/z): 498 (M+H).

Example 26:4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-5-(4-fluorobenzamido)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxohexanoic acid(300 mg, 0.83 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (30), HATU (624mg, 1.64 mmol, 2.00 equiv), DIEA (213 mg, 1.65 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and(1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropanamine (Example 25 Step 7) (147 mg,0.90 mmol, 1.10 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at25° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The crudeproduct was purified by Prep-HPLC. This resulted in 78.3 mg (19%) of4-fluoro-N—((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl)benzamideas a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.90-8.00 (m, 2H),7.22 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.02-5.08(m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.53-3.75 (m, 3H), 2.77-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.56(m, 4H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.23-2.30 (m, 2H), 1.95-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.87(m, 4H), 1.07-1.19 (m, 2H). LC/MS (ES, m/z): 511 [M+H]+.

Example 27:N-[(2S)-6-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide

Step 1. Methyl(5S)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(N-methyl-1-phenylformamido)-6-oxohexanoate(1)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl(5S)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxo-5-(phenylformamido)hexanoate(100 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL), sodiumhydride (10 mg, 0.42 mmol, 1.77 equiv), MeI (100 mg). The resultingsolution was stirred for 1 overnight at 25° C. After the reaction wascompleted, the reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (100mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL)and the organic layers were combined. The resulting mixture was washedwith brine (3×50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The obtained residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography using ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1/3). This resulted in 50 mg (48%) of methyl(5S)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(N-methyl-1-phenylformamido)-6-oxohexanoateas a yellow solid.

Step 2.(5S)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(N-methyl-1-phenylformamido)-6-oxohexanoicAcid (2)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of methyl(5S)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(N-methyl-1-phenylformamido)-6-oxohexanoate(100 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL), a solutionof LiOH (100 mg) in water (20 mL). The resulting solution was stirredfor 1 h at room temperature. After the reaction was completed. Thereaction was then quenched by the addition of water (100 mL). Theresulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL) and theorganic layers were combined. The resulting mixture was washed withbrine (3×50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated under vacuum. The obtained residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography using ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1/3). This resulted in 50 mg (52%) of(5S)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(N-methyl-1-phenylformamido)-6-oxohexanoicacid as a white solid.

Step 3.N-[((2S)-6-hydroxy-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide(3)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed(5S)-6-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-(N-methyl-1-phenylformamido)-6-oxohexanoicacid (100 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.00 equiv), BH₃/DCM (10 mL). The resultingsolution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After the reaction wascompleted. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (100mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL)and the organic layers were combined. The resulting mixture was washedwith brine (3×50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The obtained residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography using ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1/3). This resulted in 50 mg (52%) ofN-[(2S)-6-hydroxy-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamideas yellow oil.

Step 4.N-[(2S)-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide(4)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placedN-[(2S)-6-hydroxy-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide(200 mg, 0.49 mmol, 1.00 equiv), Dess-Martin (200 mg), dichloromethane(30 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperatureafter the reaction was completed. The reaction was then quenched by theaddition of water (100 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted withethyl acetate (4×50 mL) and the organic layers were combined. Theresulting mixture was washed with brine (3×50 mL), dried over anhydroussodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum.The obtained residue was purified by silica gel column chromatographyusing ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1/3). This resulted in 150 mg (75%)ofN-[(2S)-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamideas a white solid.

Step 5.N-[(2S)-6-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution ofN-[(2S)-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide(150 mg, 0.37 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (30 mL), Na(OAc)₃BH(200 mg), (1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropan-1-aminehydrochloride (150 mg, 0.74 mmol, 2.03 equiv). The resulting solutionwas stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After the reaction wascomplete, the reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (100mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL)and the organic layers were combined. The resulting mixture was washedwith brine (3×50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The obtained residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography using ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1/3). This resulted in 22.7 mg (11%) ofN-[(2S)-6-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-methylcyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamideas a light yellow solid. 1H NMR (300 MHz, MeOD, ppm): 7.48-7.53 (m, 5H),7.25-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.05-7.15 (m, 2H), 5.56-5.65 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.95 (m,9H), 2.89-2.90 (m, 6H), 2.60-2.70 (m, 1H), 1.13-2.08 (m, 12H). LC/MS(ES, m/z): 559 [M+H]+.

Example 28:N-[(2S)-6-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution ofN-[(2S)-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,6-dioxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamide(150 mg, 0.37 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (60 mL),(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropan-1-amine hydrochloride (100 mg,0.53 mmol, 1.45 equiv), Na(OAc)₃BH (100 mg). The resulting solution wasstirred for 1 h at room temperature. After the reaction was complete,the reaction was then quenched by the addition of water (100 mL). Theresulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (4×50 mL) and theorganic layers were combined. The resulting mixture was washed withbrine (3×50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. Thefiltrate was concentrated under vacuum. The obtained residue waspurified by silica gel column chromatography using ethylacetate/petroleum ether (1/3). This resulted in 67 mg (34%) ofN-[(2S)-6-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]-N-methylbenzamideas an off-white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL3, ppm): 7.30-7.45 (m, 5H),6.90-7.10 (m, 4H), 5.55-5.59 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.25-3.35 (m,4H), 2.83-2.94 (m, 8H), 2.40-2.48 (m, 1H), 1.71-2.25 (m, 5H), 1.25-1.51(m, 3H), 1.02-1.14 (m, 1H). LC/MS (ES, m/z): 545 [M+H]+.

Example 29:4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-5-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]benzamide

Step 1. (2S)-2-[(4-fluorophenyl)formamido]-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic Acid(1)

Into a 500-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(2S)-2-amino-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid (20 g, 124.10 mmol, 1.00equiv) in dioxane (200 mL), a solution of sodium carbonate (20 g, 188.70mmol, 1.52 equiv) in water (100 mL), 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride (20 g,126.14 mmol, 1.02 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at0° C. in a water bath. The resulting solution was extracted with 2×100mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layers combined and dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. This resultedin 15 g (43%) of(2S)-2-[(4-fluorophenyl)formamido]-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid as anoff-white solid.

Step 2. Methyl(4S)-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)formamido]-5-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanoate(2)

Into a 250-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(2S)-2-[(4-fluorophenyl)formamido]-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid (8 g,28.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL), DEPBT (15 g),imidazole (10 g), 1-methanesulfonylpiperazine (8 g, 48.71 mmol, 1.38equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 overnight at roomtemperature. After the reaction was completed, The mixture was dilutedwith 300 mL of H₂O. The aqueous phase was extracted with 3×200 mL ofdichloromethane and the organic layers were combined. The organic layerswere washed with 1×500 mL of brine and then dried with anhydrous sodiumsulphate. After filtration, solvent was removed under reduced pressure.The residue was concentrated under vacuum and then applied onto a silicagel column with dichloromethane/methanol (10:1). This resulted in 6 g(50%) of methyl(4S)-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)formamido]-5-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanoateas an off-white solid.

Step 3.(S)-4-(4-fluorobenzamido)-5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanoicacid (3)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed methyl(4S)-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)formamido]-5-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanoate(1 g, 2.33 mmol, 1.00 equiv), methanol (30 mL), water (30 mL), andlithium hydroxide (1.5 g, 41.76 mmol, 24.88 equiv). The resultingsolution was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The pH value of thesolution was adjusted to 6 with hydrogen chloride (12 mol/L). Theresulting solution was extracted with 3×50 mL of ethyl acetate and theorganic layers combined and concentrated under vacuum. This resulted in700 mg (72%) of(S)-4-(4-fluorobenzamido)-5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanoicacid as a white solid.

Step 4.4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]benzamide(4)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of(S)-4-(4-fluorobenzamido)-5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-5-oxopentanoicacid (700 mg, 1.68 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (60 mL), BH₃ (1mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 h at room temperature.After the reaction was completed, The mixture was diluted with 300 mL ofH₂O. The aqueous phase was extracted with 3×200 mL of dichloromethaneand the organic layers were combined. The organic layers were washedwith 1×500 mL of brine and then dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate.After filtration, solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Theresidue was concentrated under vacuum and then applied onto a silica gelcolumn with dichloromethane/methanol (10:1). This resulted in 500 mg(73%) of4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]benzamideas a white solid.

Step 5.4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]benzamide(5)

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]benzamide(200 mg, 0.50 mmol, 1.00 equiv), dichloromethane (20 mL), D-M (800 mg).The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Afterthe reaction was completed, The mixture was diluted with 300 mL of H₂O.The aqueous phase was extracted with 3×200 mL of dichloromethane and theorganic layers were combined. The organic layers were washed with 1×500mL of brine and then dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate. Afterfiltration, solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue wasconcentrated under vacuum and then applied onto a silica gel column withdichloromethane/methanol (10:1). This resulted in 100 mg (50%) of4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]benzamideas yellow oil.

Step 6.4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-5-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]benzamide

Into a 100-mL round-bottom flask, was placed a solution of4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]benzamide(20 mg, 0.05 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (mL),(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropan-1-amine (40 mg, 0.26 mmol, 5.28equiv), NaBH(Ac)₃ (50 mg). The resulting solution was stirred for 30 minat room temperature. After the reaction was completed, The mixture wasdiluted with 300 mL of H₂O. The aqueous phase was extracted with 3×200mL of dichloromethane and the organic layers were combined. The organiclayers were washed with 1×500 mL of brine and then dried with anhydroussodium sulphate. After filtration, solvent was removed under reducedpressure. The residue was concentrated under vacuum and then appliedonto a silica gel column with dichloromethane/methanol (10:1). Thisresulted in 3.4 mg (13%) of4-fluoro-N-[(2S)-5-[[(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]amino]-1-(4-methanesulfonylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]benzamideas yellow oil. ¹H NMR (MeOD, 400 MHz, ppm): 7.91-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.19-7.42(m, 4H), 7.02-7.10 (m, 2H), 5.10-5.22 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.98 (m, 2H),3.50-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.18-3.33 (m, 4H), 2.95-2.96 (m, 1H), 1.86-2.01 (m,4H), 1.22-1.59 (m, 5H), 0.88-0.97 (m, 1H). LC/MS (ES, m/z): 535 [M+H]+.

Example 30:1-((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-3-phenylurea

Step 1.(S)-1-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-3-phenylurea (1)

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed(S)-2-amino-6-hydroxy-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-1-one (200 mg, 0.93 mmol,1.00 equiv), dichloromethane (25 mL), phenyl isocyanate (111 mg, 0.93mmol, 1.00 equiv) at 0° C. in a water/ice bath. To this was added DIEA(362 mg, 2.80 mmol, 3.00 equiv) at the same temperature. The resultingsolution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. After the reaction wascompleted, it was diluted with 100 mL of DCM and then washed with 1×75mL of H₂O, 1×75 mL of brine. The combined organic layers were dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent was removed underreduced pressure. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column withethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:10). This resulted in 220 mg (71%) of(S)-1-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-3-phenylurea aslight yellow oil.

Step 2. (S)-6-oxo-5-(3-phenylureido)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)hexylmethanesulfonate (2)

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed(S)-1-(6-hydroxy-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-3-phenylurea (220mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tetrahydrofuran (25 mL), NEt₃ (132 mg, 2.00equiv). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. in a water/ice bath. MsCl (117mg, 1.50 equiv) was added dropwise at that temperature. The resultingsolution was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. After the reaction wascompleted, it was diluted with 100 mL of H₂O. The resulting solution wasextracted with 3×100 mL of ethyl acetate and the organic layerscombined. The combined organic layers were washed with 1×200 mL of brineand dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent wasremoved under reduced pressure. The residue was applied onto a silicagel column with ethyl acetate/hexane (1:3). This resulted in 230 mg(85%) of (S)-6-oxo-5-(3-phenylureido)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)hexylmethanesulfonate as light yellow oil.

Step 3.1-((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-3-phenylurea

Into a 50-mL round-bottom flask, was placed(1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropanamine (85 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1.00equiv), MeCN (25 mL),(S)-6-oxo-5-(3-phenylureido)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)hexyl methanesulfonate(230 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DIEA (145 mg, 1.12 mmol, 2.00 equiv),KI (9 mg, 0.05 mmol, 0.10 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred for36 h at 60° C. in an oil bath. After the reaction was completed, thesolution was diluted with 150 mL of DCM, and then washed with 1×100 mLof H₂O, 1×100 mL of brine. The combined organic layers were dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate. After filtration, solvent was removed underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC (ACN/H₂O with0.5% NH₄HCO₃). This resulted in 5.8 mg (2%) of1-((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-3-phenylureaas a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD-d₄) δ ppm: 7.40-7.15 (m, 4H),7.15-6.90 (m, 5H), 4.76-4.52 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.42 (m, 4H), 2.72 (t, J=7.2Hz, 2H), 2.32-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.35 (m, 12H),1.10-0.85 (m, 2H); MS (ES, m/z): 467 (M+H).

Example 31:1-((S)-6-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-oxo-1-(piperidin-1-yl)hexan-2-yl)-3-methylurea

The title compound may be made in a manner analogous to the method setforth in Example 30 and by methods known in the art.

Example 32:3,4-dichloro-N—((S)-5-((1S,2R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl)benzamide

The title compound may be made by the method below and by methods knownin the art.

Example 33:4-fluoro-N—((S)-5-((1R,2S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl)-N-methylbenzamide

The title compound may be made by the method below and by methods knownin the art.

Example 34:4-fluoro-N—((S)-5-((1S,2R)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropylamino)-1-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-oxopentan-2-yl)benzamide

The title compound may be made by the method below and by methods knownin the art.

The following compounds may be synthesized using methods analogous tothose described herein and known in the art, using appropriate startingmaterials and reagents. In the following structures, it should beunderstood that mixtures of or single isomers, such as racemic mixturesand alternate enantiomers, zwitterions, and the like may be prepared,e.g. by using appropriate L- or D-isomer, or chiral or achiral compound,as a staring material or reagent, or by employing a separation step.

Therefore, in certain embodiments in the compounds below, theconfiguration of the substituents off the cyclopropylamine is trans tothe phenyl. In certain embodiments, the trans configuration is R, S; inothers, it is S, R. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the corecontains a L-isomer, for example as shown in Formula II. AdditionalExamples include:

Biological Activity

The activity of the Examples above may be illustrated in the followingassays. Compounds listed above, which may not yet have been made and/ortested, are predicted to have activity in these assays.

Assaying the inhibition of KDM1A can be determined in vitro, in culturedcells, and in animals. There are a variety of spectrophotometric methodsto detect the results of demethylation of methylated lysines, viz.,detecting the products of KDM1A demethylase oxidative activity on apeptide fragment of at least 18 amino acid representing the N-terminusof the histone H3 substrate that contains a monomethyl at the fourthlysine residue. Hydrogen peroxide, one product of the KDM1A demethylasereaction, reacts with horseradish peroxidase and dihydroxyphenoxazine(ADHP) to produce the fluorescent compound resorufin (excitation=530-560nm:emission=590 nm). The KDM1A demethylase enzyme activity can obtainedfrom mammalian cells or tissues expressing KDM1A from an endogenous orrecombinant gene and purified or assayed from a whole cell extract.These methods can be used to determine the concentration of thedisclosed compounds can inhibit fifty percent of the enzyme activity(IC₅₀). In one aspect, the disclosed compounds exhibit inhibition fiftypercent of the KDM1A enzyme activity at a concentration of less than 500nM, less than 100 nM, less than 50 nM or less than 10 nM.

The association of KDM1A with other proteins can be determined by avariety of both in vitro and in vivo methods known to one skilled in theart. For example, the disruption of KDM1A with associated proteins canbe determined in an electromobility shift assay (EMSA). In variousaspects, the disruption of the physical association of KDM1A with CoRestby the disclosed compounds can be observed using EMSA. In anotherexample, the disruption of KDM1A with associated proteins can bedetermined by immunoprecipitation followed by separation of theco-precipitated proteins by mass spectroscopy or by get electrophoresis.In another example, the disruption of KDM1A association with CoRest canbe determined by the ability of KDM1A to act on a nucleosomal substratecontaining K4 or K9 methylated histone H3, a substrate that requires thepresence of both KDM1A and CoRest. The disclosed compounds could be usedto assay inhibition of CoRest association with KDM1A using nucleosomalsubstrate; such compounds may not inhibit KDM1A enzymatic activity asdetermined by the use of the histone H3 K4 methylated peptide substrate.

The inhibition of KDM1A can be determined in a cell-based assay. Forexample, KDM1A is an essential enzyme and prolonged inhibition of KDM1Awill result in cell death, thus cell growth inhibition, arrest of cellgrowth or cell death can be assayed. In another aspect, genes induced byandrogens and estrogens require KDM1A activity; inhibition by thedisclosed compounds of KDM1A will abrogate the induction of geneexpression in cells treated with androgens or estrogens. These effectscan be measured, e.g., using quantitative PCR of mRNA to measure themagnitude of gene expression for androgen- and estrogen-dependent genes.KDM1A activity is required for the repression of transcription ofspecific genes. Inhibition of KDM1A by the disclosed compounds couldde-repress the expression such genes in cell. These genes include Meis1,VEG-A, AIM1, HMOX1, VIM, SKAP1, BMP, EOMES, FOXA2, HNF4, SOX17, GH, PSA,pS2, GREB1, GR-1b, PRL, TSHB, SYN1, HBG, SCN1A, SCN2a, and SCN3A theexpression of which can be assayed using quantitative PCR of mRNA beforeand at various time following the treatment of cells with the disclosedcompounds. In another aspect, KDM1A is a regulator of leukemic stem cellpotential and is required for oncogenic transformation of myeloid cellsto acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by MLL-AF9. Inhibition of KDM1A inMLL-AF9-transformed cells grown in culture overcomes the arrest indifferentiation to resulting in a more mature cell expressing the CD11bsurface antigen, a monocytic cell antigen. Thus, inhibition of KDM1A canbe assayed using an AML cell line such as THP-1 grown in culturequantifying the proportion of cells newly expressing the CD11b antigenusing fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A similar assay usingFACS to count cells displaying the CD14 or CD86 can be also used, eachof which are characteristic of more mature cells along themacrophage/monocytic lineage. Other cells lines derived from patientswith acute myeloid leukemia such as MV4;11 or MOLM-13 cells can be usedfor this assay. Other markers of differentiation along themacrophage/monocyte lineage can be similarly assayed by FACS such asCD14 and CD86. Other AML cell lines such as MPLM-13 or MV4;11 can beassayed for the induction of either specific genes mentioned above orthe differentiation markers as well as cell growth or apoptosis byAnnexin V staining and FACS enumeration.

The selectivity of the disclosed compounds for KDM1A can be determinedby assaying the IC₅₀ of the disclosed compounds for other FAD-dependentaminoxidases such as monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), monoamine oxidase B(MAO-B), IL4I1, KDM1B, or SMOX. As such, a disclosed compound wouldinhibit KDM1A with an IC₅₀ that is 50-fold, or 100-fold or 250-fold or500-fold less than for MAO-A or MAO-B.

Additional Demethylase Assays

The histone demethylase assay can be performed essentially as describedin Shi, Y et al. Cell 199, 941-953 (2004). Briefly, bulk histones,histone peptides or nucleosomes are incubated with purified humanrecombinant KDM1A, in the histone demethylase activity (HDM) assaybuffer 1 (50 mM Tris pH 8.5, 50 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl, 0.5% BSA, and 5%glycerol) from 30 minutes to 4 hours at 37° C. A typical reaction isconducted in 100 microliters in which either 20 micrograms of purifiedbulk histones or 3 micrograms of modified histone peptides are used assubstrates. Different amounts of KDM1A ranging from 1-20 micrograms areused in the reaction along with, as necessary, other co-factors such asFAD or CoREST, depending on the chosen substrate. The reaction mixtureis analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using histonemethyl-specific antibodies or by formaldehyde formation assay to examinethe removal and conversion of the methyl group to formaldehyde, or bymass spectrometry in the case of peptide substrates to identify thedemethylated histone peptide.

Bulk histones (e.g., 4 mg) are incubated with the indicated amounts ofrecombinant proteins or complexes in histone demethylase (HDM) assaybuffer A (50 mM Tris pH8.5, 50 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl, 5% glycerol, 0.2 mMphenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and 1 mM dithiothreitol) in a finalvolume of 10 ml for 12-16 h at 37 8 C. For nucleosomes (0.3 mg) ormononucleosome (0.3 mg), HDM buffer A containing 0.1% NP40 can be used.The reaction mixture can then be analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed byWestern blotting. Antibodies against mono- or di-methyl K4 in histone H3and acetyl-K9/K14 of histone H3 are used to detect the degree ofmethylation and acetylation, respectively. Western blots are thenquantified by densitometry or by intensity of luminescence.

Alternatively, a standard flurogenic assay can be used in which themethylated histone substrate is tethered to the bottom of a 96 wellplate (or to beads resting in the plate) using biotin conjugated to thehistone methylated substrate and strepavidin (SA) on beads or SAattached to the plate to secure the biotinylated substrate. Afterincubation of the KDM1A enzyme in histone demethylase buffer A, thedemethylated histone substrate can be detected using antibodies specificfor demethylated H3K4 substrate conjugated to a fluor or some otheragent that can be detected. A variation on that assay method wouldemploy an antibody directed against the methylated version of thehistone in which the amount of substrate is quantified before and afterincubation with the enzyme. Yet another version of a similar assay wouldemploy a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system ofdetection in which the antibody recognizing the methylated version isconjugated or otherwise linked to an entity, e.g., a bead or a largecarrier molecule on which a fluorophore (donor) is attached and thefluorophore (acceptor) is bound to an entity linked to the substrate.

Alternatively, the production of H₂O₂ during the KDM1A reaction can bedetected fluometrically. In this system, the production of H₂O₂ isdetected in the HDM assay buffer after exposure to substrate, co-factorand enzyme using ADHP (10-Acetyl-3, 7-dihydroxyphenoxazine) as afluorogenic substrate for horse radish peroxidase (HRP). ADHP (alsoknown as Amplex Red Reagent) is the most stable and sensitivefluorogenic substrate for HRP. The florescent product is resorufin.Sensitivity can be as low as 10⁻¹⁵ M of target protein.

The signal is read using a fluorescence microplate reader at excitationand emission wavelengths of 530-560 nm and 590 nm, respectively.

Additionally, the KDM1A reaction can include other factors which mayinfluence the activity of KDM1A. Such factors might include CoREST, NuRDcomplexes, DNMT1, HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, for example, as proteinsknown to associate with KDM1A or KDM1A-containing complexes.Interactions that influence any aspect of the KDM1A activity includingspecificity for template, substrate, K_(m), K_(cat), or sensitivity toFAD concentrations can be assayed. For example, an in vitro interactionassay between KDM1A and CoREST can be performed adding recombinant KDM1A(e.g., 10 mg) and CoREST (e.g., 5 mg) mixed and incubated for 1 h at4-8° C., fractionated by Superdex 200 gel filtration column in a buffercontaining 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9, 500 mM KCl, 10% glycerol, 0.2 mM EDTA,1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% Nonidet P40 and 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride, and then analyzed by silver staining.

For co-immunoprecipitation of mononucleosomes with KDM1A and CoREST,nucleosomes (1.5 mg) can be digested with micrococcal nuclease andincubated with recombinant KDM1A (e.g., 1 mg), CoREST (e.g., 500 ng) orboth proteins in HDM buffer A containing 0.1% NP40 for 1 h at 4-8° C.Antibodies directed against KDM1A or CoREST attached to an affinityresin are added and after extensive washing with HDM buffer A containing0.1% NP40, the bound proteins are eluted with a wash buffer. KDM1Aactivity can be assayed in the eluate or the concentration of KDM1A canbe determined by quantitative Western blotting.

Compounds were tested in a 10-dose IC₅₀ mode fluorescence couplingenzyme assay with 3-fold serial dilution in duplicate starting at 100μM. The production of FAD-dependent H₂O₂ as a result of demethylaseactivity of LSD1 on 10 μM histone H3(1-21)K4me2 peptide substrate wasmeasured by coupling with HRP and Amplex Red to yield resorufin(fluorescence measured at Ex/Em=535/590 nm on EnVision, Perkin Elmer).Results are given below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 % at 30 min, MLM: + KDM1A IC₅₀ + Example is ≥20% − is ≤1 uM −No. is <20% is >1 uM 1 ND + 2 − + 3 + + 4 + + 5 ND + 6 + + 7 − + 8 + −9 + + 10 − + 11 + + 12 + + 13 − + 14 − + 15 − ND 16 + + 17 − + 18 − + 19− + 20 − + 21 − + 22 + + 23 ND + 24 + + 25 + − 26 + + 27 + + 28 − + 29 −NDEx vivo differentiation of purified human CD34⁺ cells into the erythroidlineage

Human CD34+ cells isolated from the venous blood of healthy donors aftermobilization by granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) are grownand differentiated ex vivo for a 14 day incubation using a two-phaseculture method described in Cui, S., et al. Mol Cell Biol 31, 3298-3311(2011). Cells are counted using a hemocytometer and viability determinedby trypan blue exclusion. Test article (candidate compounds) dissolvedin an appropriate solvent compatible with physiologic conditions isadded daily to fresh culture medium beginning on Day 4 through Day 14 ata range of test concentrations. Cell morphology and stage ofdifferentiation is determined by Wright-Giemsa staining.

Flow Cytometry to Determine Differentiation Surface Markers and HbFContent

Cultured erythroid cells are stained with phycoerythrin(PE)-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD34, PE-conjugated anti-CD71, andPECy5-conjugated anti-glycophorin A antibodies. To determine theconcentration of cytoplasmic HbF, cells are fixed in 0.05%glutaraldehyde for 10 minutes, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for5 minutes and stained with allophycocyanin-conjugated anti-HbF antibody.Stained cells are sorted and counted using a FACS analyzer.

Western Blots to Determine Presence and Concentration of KDM1A andHistone H3 and H3 Modifications.

Cells are lysed in Laemmli sample buffer and subjected to SDS-PAGE.Proteins are transferred from the gel to nitrocellulose and probed withantibodies against KDM1A, and/or histone H3, mono-methyl (H3K4me1)and/or dimethyl histone H3K4 (H3K4me2) and then probed withfluorescence-conjugated secondary antibodies. Proteins concentrationsare quantified with an imaging system.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assays to Determine ProteinOccupancy at Genome-Specific Sites.

ChIP assays are carried out in an immunoprecipitation (IP) buffer withor without SDS depending on the sensitivity of the KDM1A antibody toSDS. Briefly, typically 3×107 cells are used per KMD1A ChIP and 3×106cells per H3K4me2 ChIP. After 10 minutes of 0.75% formaldehydetreatment, cells are harvested and sonicated in the ChIP lysis buffer(1% Triton X-100, 10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl and protease inhibitors) toproduce soluble chromatin with average sizes between 300 and 1000 bp.The chromatin samples are then diluted 10-fold in the dilution buffer (5mM EDTA, 25 mM Tris-HCl, 167 mM NaCl, and cocktails of proteaseinhibitors) and pre-cleaned for 1 hour using salmon sperm DNA/protein-Aagarose beads. Ten micrograms of rabbit anti-KDM1A antibody, 3microliters of anti-H3K4me2 or control antibodies are then added to eachsample and incubated overnight at 4° C. To collect the immunocomplexes,40 microliters of salmon sperm DNA/protein-A agarose beads are added tothe samples for 1 hour at 4° C. The beads are washed three times in washbuffer (0.1% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, 30 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl andthe washed once in wash buffer 2 (1% Triton X-100, 5 mM EDTA, 30 mMTris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl). The bound protein-DNA complexes are eluted with100 microliters of elution buffer (1% SDS, 0.1 M NaHCO₃, 250 mM NaCl,and 0.2 micrograms protease K) and de-cross-linked at 65° C. for 4 hr.The de-crosslinked chromatin DNA is further purified by QIAquickpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) Purification Kit (Qiagen) and eluted in100 microliters of TE buffer. Four microliters of eluted DNA sample isused for each PCR reaction. Thirty-six PCR cycles can be used for KDM1AChIP and 32 PCR cycles for H3K4mme2 ChIP. Appropriate primers for lociof interest, e.g., the gamma globin gene, are used.

For globin-specific ChIP analysis, the assays are performed as describedin Cui, S., et al. Mol Cell Biol 31, 3298-3311 (2011). For example,ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) or formaldehyde can be usedas a cross-linker. Antibodies against target proteins such as KDM1A andhistone H3 with or without methyl modifications can be used forimmunoprecipitation. DNA contained in the immunoprecipitate can bequantified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay using primerfor human embryonic, gamma, and adult beta-globin promoter sequences;primers for intergenic regions between the embryonic and gammaG-globingenes can be used as a negative control.

Hemoglobin Analysis by HPLC

Cells are lysed and can be analyzed for hemoglobin composition using theBio-Rad Variant II Hemoglobin Testing System equipped with anion-exchange HPLC column (Hercules).

Mouse Models for Testing Induction of Gamma Globin Gene Expression

Test article can be dissolved in a physiologically compatible solventfor injection into normal mice or mice transgenic for the yeastartificial chromosome (YAC) containing the entirety of the humanbeta-globin locus as described in Tanabe, O., et al. EMBO J 26,2295-2306 (2007) or portions of the human beta-globin locus. Testarticle can be administered daily intraperitoneally or subcutaneously orby gavage at appropriate test doses for up to 26 weeks. At intervals,peripheral whole blood and bone marrow cells are harvested to determinegene expression by RT-qPCR of the mouse embryonic beta-like globin genesor the beta-like globin composition of red cell lysates or in the casetransgenic mice carrying human beta-like globin genes both the human andmouse fetal γ- and adult β-globin genes.

Testing for Induction of Human Gamma Globin Gene Expression or HbF.

Patients with hemoglobinopathies including sickle cell disease andbeta-thalassemia might benefit from treatment with an inhibitor ofKDM1A. After appropriate dosing, the measure of HbF can be determined asdescribed above. Gamma globin gene expression can be assayed in bonemarrow cells using qPCR. Further, the clinical benefit of an agentinducing HbF can be measured as an increase in total hemoglobin, areduction in sickle cell crises, a decrease in transfusion dependence, adecrease in ineffective hematopoiesis, and decrease in inflammatorybiomarkers such as plasma levels of GDF15, etc.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic properties of the Examples above, includingabsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, may be illustratedin the following assays. Compounds listed above, which may not yet havebeen made and/or tested, are predicted to have activity in these assays.

Metabolic Stability in Human and Murine Liver Microsomes

The metabolic stability of compounds disclosed herein in pooled humanliver microsomes (HLM) and pooled male mouse liver microsomes (MMLM) wasdetermined according to the following protocol, in which theconcentrations of compounds in reaction systems were evaluated byLC/MS/MS for estimating the stability in liver microsomes.

Study Design

Pooled human liver microsomes (HMMCPL; PL050B) and pooled male mouseliver microsomes (MSMCPL; MS033) were purchased from CellzDirect(Invitrogen). Microsomes were stored at −80 C prior to use.

A master solution was prepared containing microsome (stock concentration5 mg/mL, volume 50 μL, final concentration 0.5 mg/mL), MgCl₂ solution(stock concentration 50 mM, volume 50 μL, final concentration 5 mM),phosphate buffer (stock concentration 200 mM, volume 250 μL, finalconcentration 100 mM), and water (volume 95 μL. Five μL of 200 μM testcompounds or control solution (control compound: verapamil) was thenadded. The final concentration of test compounds or verapamil in thereaction system was 2 μM. The mixture was pre-warmed at 37 C for 5 min.

The reaction was started with the addition of 50 μL of 10 mM NADPHsolution at the final concentration of 1 mM and carried out at 37 C. 50μL of ultra-pure H₂O was used instead of NADPH solution in the negativecontrol.

Aliquots of 50 μL were taken from the reaction solution at 0 and 30 min.The reaction was stopped by the addition of 3 volumes of cold methanolwith IS (200 nM imipramine, 200 nM labetalol and 2 μM ketoprofen) at thedesignated time points. Samples were centrifuged at 16,000 g for 10minutes to precipitate protein. Aliquot of 100 μL of the supernatant wasdiluted by 100 μL ultra-pure H₂O, and the mixture was used for LC/MS/MSanalysis. All experiments were performed in duplicate.

Bioanalytical Method

Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. TheLC system comprised a Shimadzu liquid chromatograph separation systemequipped with degasser DGU-20A3, solvent delivery unit LC-20AD, systemcontroller CBM-20A, column oven CTO-10ASVP and CTC Analytics HTC PALSystem. Chromatographic conditions included a Phenomenex column, 5.0μC₁₈ (2.0×50 mm); a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and0.1% formic acid in water; an elution rate of 500 μL/min; columntemperature 25 C; injection volume 10 μL. Mass spectrometric analysiswas performed using an API 4000 instrument from AB Inc. (Canada) with anESI interface. The data acquisition and control system were createdusing Analyst 1.5.1 software from ABI Inc. A turbo spray ion source andelectrospray ionization were employed in a multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) scan. Additional parameters included: collision gas, 6 L/min;curtain gas, 30 L/min; nebulize gas, 50 L/min; auxiliary gas, 50 L/min;temperature, 500 C; ionspray voltage, +5500 v (positive MRM).Quadripoles Q1 and Q3 were set to 456.2 and 200.2, respectively;declustering potential (DP), entrance potential (EP), and collision cellentrance potential (CE) were set to 120, 10, and 55 v, respectively;collision cell exit potential (CXP) was 12 v.

Analysis

All calculations were carried out using Microsoft Excel. Peak areas weredetermined from extracted ion chromatograms. The control compounds wereincluded in the assay. Any value of the compounds that was not withinthe specified limits was rejected and the experiment was repeated. Thereaction system without the cofactors was used to exclude the misleadingfactor that resulted from instability of chemical itself.

Results

Results are shown above in Table 1 and below in Table 2. Without wishingto be bound by theory, comparative data indicates that methylation ofthe cyclopropyl group results in an increase in metabolic stabilitywhile at least maintaining efficacy.

TABLE 2 Metabolic Stability in Murine Liver Microsomes % at 30 min, MLM:Example + is >20% KDM1A No. Structure − is <20% IC50 19

2.3% 136   17

2.7% 114    9

 54%  5.1  8

 65% ND

Compositions

The following are examples of compositions which may be used to delivercompounds disclosed herein. These may be encapsulated or wet granulatedusing methods known in the art.

Composition Example 1

Ingredients Concentration (w/w %) Compound of Formula I 30% Lactose 68%Magnesium Stearate  2%

Composition Example 2

Ingredients Concentration (w/w %) Compound of Formula I 50% Lactose 38%Magnesium Stearate  2%

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easilyascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changesand modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages andconditions.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The detailed description set-forth above is provided to aid thoseskilled in the art in practicing the present disclosure. However, thedisclosure described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope bythe specific embodiments herein disclosed because these embodiments areintended as illustration of several aspects of the disclosure. Anyequivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of thisdisclosure. Indeed, various modifications of the disclosure in additionto those shown and described herein will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art from the foregoing description, which do not departfrom the spirit or scope of the present inventive discovery. Suchmodifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appendedclaims.

All references cited in this specification are hereby incorporated byreference. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely tosummarize the assertions made by their authors and no admission is madethat any reference constitutes prior art relevant to patentability.Applicant reserves the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence ofthe cited references.

1.-62. (canceled)
 63. A compound of Formula I

or a salt thereof, wherein: Y is CH₂; Z is NR^(4b); m is 0; n is 2; R¹and R², together with the nitrogen to which they attach, form

R³ is phenyl substituted with a 3-7 membered monocyclic heteroaryl; R⁴,R^(4a), and R^(4b) are hydrogen; and R⁵ is phenyl, which is optionallysubstituted with between 0 and 3 groups independently chosen fromC₁₋₆alkyl, halogen, C₁₋₆alkoxy, OCF₃ and CF₃.
 64. The compound of claim63, or a salt thereof, wherein R⁵ is phenyl, which is optionallysubstituted with halogen.
 65. The compound of claim 64, or a saltthereof, wherein R⁵ is phenyl, which is optionally substituted withfluoro.
 66. The compound of claim 63, or a salt thereof, wherein R⁵ ispara-fluorophenyl.
 67. The compound of claim 63, or a salt thereof,wherein R³ is phenyl substituted with a 3-7 membered monocyclicheteroaryl.
 68. The compound of claim 67, or a salt thereof, wherein R⁵is para-fluorophenyl.
 69. A dry powder composition comprising a compoundof claim 63, or a salt thereof, and a powder base.
 70. The dry powdercomposition of claim 69, wherein the powder base is lactose.
 71. The drypowder composition of claim 69, wherein the powder base is starch. 72.The dry powder composition of claim 69, wherein the powder base ispresent in an amount of about 68% w/w.
 73. The dry powder composition ofclaim 69, wherein the powder base is present in an amount of about 38%w/w.
 74. A dry powder composition comprising: 30% w/w of a compound ofclaim 63, or a salt thereof; 68% w/w lactose; and 2% w/w magnesiumstearate.
 75. A dry powder composition comprising: 50% w/w of a compoundof claim 63, or a salt thereof; 38% w/w lactose; and 2% w/w magnesiumstearate.
 76. The dry powder composition of claim 69, wherein the powdercomposition is presented in unit dosage form.
 77. The dry powdercomposition of claim 76, wherein the unit dosage form is chosen from acapsule, a cartridge, a gelatin or blister pack.
 78. The dry powdercomposition of claim 74, wherein the powder composition is presented inunit dosage form.
 79. The dry powder composition of claim 78, whereinthe unit dosage form is chosen from a capsule, a cartridge, a gelatin orblister pack.
 80. The dry powder composition of claim 75, wherein thepowder composition is presented in unit dosage form.
 81. The dry powdercomposition of claim 80, wherein the unit dosage form is chosen from acapsule, a cartridge, a gelatin or blister pack.